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Author Rustenberg, K.; Radianti, J.; Gjøsæter, T. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Exploring Demons for the Establishment of Team Situational Awareness Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 636-648  
  Keywords Teams SA; Barriers of Team SA; Trust; Cynefin Framework; Information Sharing; Multi-Agency Collaboration; Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)  
  Abstract Individual situational awareness (SA) is crucial for building team SA, which is necessary for achieving a shared understanding of a situation, making informed decisions, and taking appropriate actions. This article examines the communication barriers that emerge when transitioning from individual to team SA in emergency management scenarios. We observed two emergency exercises on “ongoing life-threatening violence” and dam failure causing hospital congestion. The study was complemented with interviews with participants of these exercises, aiming at identifying barriers called SA-demons in the team setting. We discovered barriers that hinder the establishment of team SA, including a vicious cycle of mistrust, a fragmented information trap, a false feeling of mastery trap, and a decaying memory trap. These barriers can stem from individual, organizational, or technological factors. To complement existing SA theories, we applied the Cynefin framework and found that standard operating procedures can be potential barriers when transitioning into chaotic or complex domains.  
  Address Department of Information Systems University of Agder  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/KHTP8020 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2553  
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Author Grace, R.; Montarnal, A.; Petitdemange, E.; Rutter, J.; Rodriguez, G.R.; Potts, M. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Collaborative Information Seeking during a 911 Call Surge: A Case Study Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 649-662  
  Keywords Emergency Communications; Information Seeking; Emergency Management; Crisis Informatics  
  Abstract This case study examines collaborative information seeking in a public-safety answering point during a 911 call surge that occurred when a man fired an assault rifle at police officers and evaded capture for nearly an hour in March 2020. Overwhelmed by questionable and imprecise reports from 911 callers, telecommunicators and on scene responders began working together to conduct broad and deep searches for the shooter. Whereas broad searches improved the scope of information gathering by identifying multiple, albeit questionable and imprecise, reports of the suspect’s location, deep searches improved the quality of information gathering by investigating 911 callers’ reports using drone, helicopter, and patrol units. These findings suggest requirements for collaborative information seeking in public-safety answering points, including capabilities to conduct broad and deep searches using next-generation 911 technologies, and command and control requirements for triaging these search tasks within inter-organizational emergency response systems.  
  Address Texas Tech University; IMT Mines Albi; Pennsylvania State University; Chandler Police Department  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/ZFAY5505 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2554  
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Author Radianti, J.; Pilemalm, S.; Steen-Tveit, K.; Rustenberg, K. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Enhancing Learning from Incidents by Reconstruction of Events: Using the SQUARE Tool for Evaluation Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 663-675  
  Keywords Learning from Incidents; Event Reconstruction-Based Evaluation; Tabletop Exercise  
  Abstract Evaluation after exercise and incidents—often called After Action Review or AAR—are important to enhance the emergency management (EM) response capability. However, evaluation supporttools for event reconstruction after incidents and exercises are not yet fully available. We engaged EM stakeholders in a tabletop exercise based on snow chaos and car accidents scenarios to evaluate a fully functional prototype. The tool assists information sharing in real-time and enhances debriefing process of any EM response and exercise. Analysis of reflective discussions and an open question survey shows that the EM participants consider the features of the prototype to facilitate better learning from incidents. However, they have different attitudes concerning the adoption, management, and application of the tool in organizations. For instance, more security features are required to comply with regulations. We argue that the tool is an important first step to fill the gap on the need for “event reconstruction-based evaluation.”  
  Address Department of Information Systems, University of Agder  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/EQKP4179 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2555  
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Author Stensrud, R.; Valaker, S. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Methods to meet changes in the security environment a proposal of qualitative and quantitative assessment attributes for coordination performance Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 676-691  
  Keywords Modelling And Simulation; Multiteam Systems; Control Theory; Emergency Response  
  Abstract The use of methods to inform changes of command and control has long been important, in particular through empirical surveys and computational simulation. In this article, we focus on a particular type of control: “bump less” time-shift of authority during emergency response where it is not desirable to interrupt task resolution (Dess et al.,1984). As an example we address a particular type of control in a sociotechnical use case, i.e. ensuring coordinated action among human and non-human entities, and specifically use as a case shift of who ensures coordinated action when what entities are participating fluctuate over time, yet there is a need to sustain coordination (e.g. due to criticality of sustained performance). We do some work to detail a sociotechnical control mechanism and we present methods for examining the influence such control may have on performing both planned, prescribed, organizational task work as well as dynamic, non-prescribed tasks (Stanton et al., 2018). We argue that measures of high fidelity, with high specificity, defined before task resolution (feedforward) may be particularly important in prescribed change due to the possibility to define clear goals for coordinating and detailing who holds coordination authority. For dynamic change, on the other hand supporting technology that enable a sensing and processing of feedback the number of agents/entities undergoing change is not predetermined and the change of who is best suited to coordinate authority is less clear. Our theorizing is illustrated by using traditional linear control theory emulating shift of control nuanced by an emergency use case. In conclusion, we suggest future directions for research as well as practical implications.  
  Address Norwegian Defence Research Establishment; Norwegian Defence Research Establishment  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/OQYD8914 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2556  
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Author Landsberg, L.; Gleibs, T.; Mudimu, O.A. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Design of a Systems Theory Approach for the Evaluation of C2-Systems Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 692-700  
  Keywords Systems Theory; Command And Control; Observation; Evaluation  
  Abstract The course of large-scale incidents as well as disasters can reveal weaknesses in command and control (C2) systems, which make adjustments necessary. Also, new technologies may require C2-systems to be adapted to achieve their full potential for improving incident command. This paper deals with an approach to enable the comparison and evaluation of different C2-systems or their adaptations in order to find the best possible customizations for C2-systems. To this purpose, systems theory is used to unify the approaches of different research disciplines. Within the C2-system boundaries, distinctions were made to represent three different levels of evaluation: “Physical Characteristics”, “Structures and Processes” as well as “C2-system-effectiveness”. During the implementation of the evaluation methods from the different research disciplines into the systems theory approach, it became apparent that the comprehensive approach is desirable, but that broad knowledge and expertise is necessary, especially at the highest evaluation level “C2-system-effectiveness”.  
  Address TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences; TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences; TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/OVXI9948 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2557  
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Author Berggren, P.; Ryrberg, T.; Lindhagen, A.; Johansson, B. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Building capacity – conceptualizing Training of Trainers Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 701-710  
  Keywords Training of Trainers; Exercises; Learning; Capacity Building  
  Abstract Many organizations train and educate their staff to prepare for crisis. One approach is train-the-trainer (ToT; Training of trainers) concept. It is based on the idea that someone can be trained as a trainer, who in turn train their colleagues. The philosophy resembles a pyramid scheme that allows for a fast and efficient spread of knowledge and skills. This study focused on perceptions of the ToT concept through interviews with ToT trainers. Two learning theories, organizational learning (4I) and experiential learning theory (ELT) were used to conceptualize the ToT-concept. It was found that the ToT-concept can be used as the method to conduct ELT to achieve organizational learning and knowledge (4I). Furthermore, the study also presents how participants perceives ToT using thematic analysis. This resulted in four themes: Common understanding of ToT, Learn-by doing, No grounding in ToT, and Difficult to ensure quality.  
  Address Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University; Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University; Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University; Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/ZCNU4149 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2558  
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Author Björnqvist, A.; Brodin, W.; Friberg, M.; Berggren, P. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Identifying Teamwork Processes in a Medical Command and Control Team During the COVID-19 Pandemic Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 711-720  
  Keywords Teamwork; COVID-19; Crisis Response; Command and Control; Healthcare  
  Abstract This paper presents an ethnographic study consisting of non-participatory observations of a Swedish regional medical command and control team during their crisis response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The field-notes from the observations were analyzed using a deductive content analysis with categories representing teamwork processes. The content analysis showed that the studied regional medical command and control team was engaged in all but one of the predefined teamwork processes. Furthermore, the content analysis also added to the understanding of the regional medical command and control team’s work procedures by emphasizing how the team was engaged in the different processes. Lastly, the content analysis also made it possible to identify potential developmental needs of the studied regional medical command and control team.  
  Address Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University; Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University; Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University; Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/NXFA1134 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2559  
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Author Borglund, E., A.M.; Granholm, M. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Challenges in work procedures in distributed crisis management Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2023 Publication Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2023  
  Volume Issue Pages 732-737  
  Keywords Crisis Management; Distributed EOC; Tabletop Exercise; Information Technology Use  
  Abstract This is a work in progress paper on work and IT usage in distributed crisis management. The data presented in this paper has been collected at a one-day tabletop exercise with four Swedish municipalities. Four members of the four municipalities’ crisis organizations were invited to the exercise, which was designed as one scenario divided into two cases. At the start of each case of the exercise, each municipality was split into two separate rooms, to simulate a distributed crisis management. During the first case they could communicate using phone, TETRA radio, and the Internet. During case two in the scenario, there was no Internet connection. The study indicates that all the municipalities managed to organize and solve the given tasks using primarily voice communication, in case one using phone or, e.g., Teams, and in case two using TETRA radio. Information sharing using IT was non-existing.  
  Address Mid Sweden University; Mid Sweden University  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Nebraska at Omaha Place of Publication Omaha, USA Editor Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Hosssein Baharmand Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 1  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/OBOX5959 Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2561  
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Author Jonas Herkevall; Björn J E Johansson pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Understanding Understanding at the Boundary of Inter-organizational Crisis Management – Perspectives from the Swedish COVID-19 Response Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 322-333  
  Keywords Boundary-crossing Competence; Boundary Discourse; Systems Science; Complex Adaptive Systems; Constructivism  
  Abstract The objective of this paper is to understand understanding at the boundaries of inter-organizational crisis management – through different practitioner accounts of the Swedish COVID-19 response. Large-scale crisis management is challenging, as it demands cooperation across organizational boundaries. This paper presents an interview study conducted in Sweden during the COVID-19 response. Findings suggest that cooperative work at the inter-organizational boundaries depends on the ability to bridge discursive boundaries. From the perspective of an organization, this demands understanding of the rationale, values, constraints and capabilities of other organizations. Interviewees expressed frustration due to the time demands of establishing such an understanding. Despite time demands, establishing understanding was needed as the ability to conduct basic tasks such as sharing information and resources, and coordinating action emerge from that understanding. In this paper, it is suggested that new approaches to training that comprise general boundary-crossing skills be added to existing training and exercise programs.  
  Address Swedish Defence Research Agency; Swedish Defence Research Agency  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2421  
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Author Anton Björnqvist; Marc Friberg; Carl-Oscar Jonson; Jenny Pettersson; Peter Berggren pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title An Analysis of a Swedish Medical Command and Control System’s Situation Reports from the COVID-19 Pandemic Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 334-348  
  Keywords Information sharing; crisis management; situation reports; COVID-19; command and control  
  Abstract This paper presents an analysis of situation reports used and created by a crisis management team within the Swedish healthcare sector during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis was conducted through a deductive content analysis, where categories were identified based on the concepts of common operational pictures, sensemaking, and situation awareness. In the analysis, support for all identified categories was found. Based on the analysis and the concepts, future recommendations regarding what type of information that ought to be included in situation reports were created. These recommendations include, amongst others, the categories of consequences, how it is perceived by the public, objectives, status and implications of information, future scenarios, actions, resources, and work procedures.  
  Address Linköping University; Linköping University; Linköping University; Linköping University; Linköping University  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2422  
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Author Alva Linhagen; Anton Björnqvist; Peter Berggren pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title A Meta-evaluation of Swedish Evaluations of COVID-19 Pandemic Management Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 349-361  
  Keywords COVID-19; crisis management; meta-evaluation  
  Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a global impact om society. Different countries and organizations have chosen different approaches to manage this crisis. This paper aims to describes how public Swedish actors (county administrative boards, municipalities, and regional councils) evaluated their management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the paper aims to suggest improvements for crisis management strategies. Applying a meta-evaluation approach to open reports from the public organizations means collecting evaluation reports, determining if they fit the inclusion criteria, and if so, include them in the analysis. Included reports were categorized and given points indicating different types of merits. In addition, a thematic analysis of conclusions was conducted. 110 evaluation reports from 98 different organizations are included in the analysis. The importance of evaluating, having a structure for data collection, analysis, and reporting is reflected in the quality of the reports. Four identified themes offer an understanding of areas in need for development among Swedish regional councils, municipalities, and county administrative boards.  
  Address Linköping University; Linköping University; Linköping University  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Agder (Norway) Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2423  
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Author Cendrella Chahine; François Peres; Thierry Vidal; Mohamad El Falou pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Functional and Dysfunctional Modelling and Assessment of an Emergency Response Plan Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 363-375  
  Keywords Crisis management; risk analysis; FMECA; BPMN; emergency response plan  
  Abstract The objective of crisis management is to limit the impact of a feared event that has occurred and to restore the conditions corresponding to a nominal situation. In this context, we will focus on emergency response plans for mass casualty crises. In this paper, we propose a functional modelling of the French generic emergency plan, ORSEC plan, using the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). On the basis of this representation, a dysfunctional analysis is performed from a new approach identifying Failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), in order to better anticipate, the events likely to interrupt the intervention plan. This work will then be used in a multi-agent dynamic planning and scheduling model to allow an actor to choose among the dynamic planning approaches the one that allows him/her to reach his/her goal.  
  Address ULF Liban/LGP-ENIT  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2424  
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Author Viktor Sköld Gustafsson; Tobias Andersson Granberg; Sofie Pilemalm; Martin Waldemarsson pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Managing Natural Hazards in Sweden – Needs for Improved Information and Decision Support Systems Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 376-384  
  Keywords Emergency response; extreme weather events; command and control; needs analysis  
  Abstract This paper explores opportunities for information systems to support emergency response to multiple natural hazards. Interviews were conducted with 12 representatives from actors of the Swedish emergency response system about response to multiple natural hazards. Challenges and needs connected to five themes influencing the response effort were identified: Cooperation, Resource management, Command and control, Common operational picture, and Risk management. The results illuminate a lack of technology to support decisions and analyses during emergency response to both single and multiple natural hazards. Based on this, the paper suggests and discusses information systems and decision support tools to assist in satisfying the identified needs. The findings can inform policy makers in emergency response of where to concentrate the development of collaborative preparedness and response work, and the scientific community of future research directions.  
  Address Linköping University; University of Agder  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2425  
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Author Per-Anders Oskarsson; Niklas Hallberg; Johan Nordström; Magdalena Granåsen; Mari Olsén pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Assessment of Collaborative Crisis Management Capability by Generic Questions Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 385-391  
  Keywords Capability; crisis management; inter-organizational; validation  
  Abstract Societies need the ability to respond to crises such as terrorism, pandemics and natural disasters. Hence, it is essential to ensure that the capability of crisis management is attained, maintained, and developed. Since large crises cannot be handled by single organizations, collaborative crisis management capability is needed. The objective of this work was to provide support by an instrument for assessment of collaborative crisis management capability. The work was iteratively performed in a workgroup. The outcome was two templates with sets of generic questions, one for assessment of the actual capabilities and one for assessment of the preconditions of the capabilities. The templates mainly focus on assessment of collaborative crisis management capability. However, since the questions are generically formulated, they should be usable for assessments of any type of crisis management capability.  
  Address Swedish Defence Research Agency  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2426  
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Author Lennart Landsberg; Jörg Schmidt; Ompe Aimé Mudimu pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Synthesising Comparisons to Develop a Generic Command and Control System Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 392-403  
  Keywords C2-System; command and control; process; comparison; evaluation  
  Abstract Large and small incidents challenge emergency services around the world. Regardless of the size of the incident, command and control (C2)-systems are used to manage the situation, allowing a rapid and coordinated intervention. As all implemented actions result from the outputs of C2-systems, they are a fundamental component of the response. That is why they must be highly reliable and efficient. A research initiative is therefore addressing the approach of evaluating C2-systems on a scenario basis and using key performance indicators (KPI). To ensure that the KPIs can be applied to any form of incident control, a generic C2-system was developed by comparing and merging six German- and English-language C2-systems as well as one international standard. With this step, a comprehensive and detailed C2-system was developed, which is presented in this paper.  
  Address TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2427  
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Author Bas Lijnse pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Modeling Real World Crisis Management Plans with C2Sketch Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 404-413  
  Keywords Crisis Management Plans; Command and Control Systems; C2Sketch  
  Abstract When crisis management plans are described in natural language documents, they may contain logical inconsistencies or ambiguities that are not immediately apparent. To allow automated early detection of such errors, they need to be described in a well defined formalism. C2Sketch is a tool for modeling command and control systems that provides such a structure for formalizing (crisis management) plans. However, C2Sketch is in active development and to what extent real-world crisis management plans can be expressed in it is unknown. In this exploratory study the unstructured text of a small sample of publicly available regional-level crisis management plans was translated systematically into structured C2Sketch mission-plans to uncover limitations and opportunities for further development of the tool. The plans contained enough information to largely capture the networks of actors and their tasks therein, but did contain enough operational information to develop complete C2Sketch models from.  
  Address Netherlands Defence Academy  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2428  
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Author Pauline Tobergte; Alena Knispel; Lennart Landsberg; Ompe Aimé Mudimu pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Evaluation of Tabletop Exercises in Emergency Response Research and Application in the Research Project SORTIE Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 415-427  
  Keywords tabletop exercise; training; observation; evaluation; emergency services  
  Abstract This paper presents the fields of application of the tabletop exercise in emergency response by explaining the method in emergency response research. The authors illustrate the tabletop exercise of the Institute for Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection (IRG) of the TH Köln in a research project on Sensor Systems for Localization of Trapped Victims in Collapsed Infrastructure (acronym: SORTIE) as an application example. Subsequently, the quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods used generally and specifically for the tabletop exercise of the research project SORTIE are considered, and the technical implementation is explained. The evaluation method used in the tabletop exercise consists of three sub-areas (participant survey; exercise observation; photo, video and audio recordings). Further, the analysis of the evaluation using statistical tools is explained. Finally, this paper refers to possible sources of error in the evaluation of tabletop exercises, such as exercise artificiality and subjectivity of the exercise observers.  
  Address TH Köln  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2429  
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Author Stella Polikarpus; Tobias Ley; Hans Hazebroek; Graham Edgar; Geoffrey Sallis; Steven Baker; Anna Figueras Masip pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Authoring Virtual Simulations to Measure Situation Awareness and Understanding Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2022 Publication ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2022  
  Volume Issue Pages 428-433  
  Keywords situation awareness (SA); situation understanding (SU); FireFront; The Collaborative Authoring Process Model (CAPM) for Virtual Simulations (VS); actual situation awareness (ASA); actual situation understanding (ASU); perceived situation awareness (PSA)  
  Abstract Measuring situation awareness (SA) and situation understanding (SU) is an important topic for Command & Control research. Virtual simulations (VS) have been proposed as a suitable method for measuring SA/U, but, there is little research into how to build scenarios for VS so that SA/U can be measured reliably. In this study, we used two different VS scenarios and the Quantitative Analysis of Situation Awareness (QASA) method to measure, and provide feedback on, actual and perceived SA/U. Two VS scenarios were tested in Estonia with 36 trainees. The results of the different scenarios were compared to establish whether the scenario storylines and authoring process resulted in differences in SA or SU. We conclude that reliable assessment results were produced with both authoring processes, and further suggest that the Collaborative Authoring Process Model for Virtual Simulations (CAPM) be used for VS creation.  
  Address The Estonian Academy of Security Sciences; Tallinn University; Nederlands Instituut Publieke Veiligheid; University of Gloucestershire; Insitut de Seguretat Publica de Catalunya  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Tarbes, France Editor Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-82-8427-099-9 Medium  
  Track Command and Control Studies Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number ISCRAM @ idladmin @ Serial 2430  
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Author Sebastian Schmitz; Konrad Barth; Tim Brüstle; Tobias Gleibs; Ompe Aimé Mudimu pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Testing the implementation of a flying localization system into emergency response using a tabletop exercise Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2019 Publication Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2019  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Urban search and rescue, unmanned aerial vehicle, command and control structures, tabletop exercise, emergency management  
  Abstract To optimize the search for trapped victims after building collapses, the authors participated in the development ofI a localization system based on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The objective of this study is to evaluate an approach to implement this system into the command and control structures during the emergency response after a building collapse. For this purpose, a tabletop exercise, based on a gas explosion scenario in an apartment building, was carried out with emergency response managers of the fire department and the German federal agency of technical relief. Observers have documented the exercise. Additionally, audio and video recordings were used. Thus, statements could be made about the implementation approach and the tabletop exercise method. Based on the results, the implementation approach can be considered appropriate. In addition, knowledge was gained about the appropriateness of tabletop exercises for the purpose of scientific evaluation.  
  Address TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iscram Place of Publication Valencia, Spain Editor Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-84-09-10498-7 Medium  
  Track T2- Command and control studies Expedition Conference 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1964  
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Author Kristine Steen-Tveit; Jaziar Radianti pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Analysis of Common Operational Picture and Situational Awareness during Multiple Emergency Response Scenarios Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2019 Publication Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2019  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Full-scale drill, elicitation methods, situational awareness, common operational picture, information needs.  
  Abstract Disaster response operations require communication and coordination between agencies that seldom occurs in everyday workday situations. Furthermore, in such hybrid environments it is necessary to establish a common operational picture for the responders involved to support collaborative decision-making. The emergency responders must gain situational awareness, and this can further affect the quality of how they deal with the situation. Training in emergency situations is shown to be efficient for learning. In order to understand the complexity of working in unpredictable environments, an analysis of an audio-log from a large-scale drill was carried out. Moreover, this paper provides a definition of several categories for identifying the processes to establish situational awareness and a common operational picture among emergency responders. The analysis process revealed how the actors communicate and revealed an overall communication pattern.  
  Address University of Agder, Norway, Norway  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iscram Place of Publication Valencia, Spain Editor Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-84-09-10498-7 Medium  
  Track T2- Command and control studies Expedition Conference 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1931  
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Author Kristoffer Karl Darin-Mattsson; Niklas Hallberg pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Do's and Don'ts in Inter-Organizational Crisis Management Exercises Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2019 Publication Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2019  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Inter-organizational, exercise, learning, crisis management, collaboration  
  Abstract It is commonly assumed that conducting exercises will contribute to better crisis management. However, the exact mechanisms of cause and effect are hard to isolate empirically. The objective of this paper is to compile and analyze the recommendations in the literature on inter-organizational exercises and learning. While not claiming to meet the strict scientific demand of empirical validation and general applicability, the compilation may nevertheless provide some guidance from research to practitioners. Forty-four papers about learning in interorganizational exercises were analyzed. Out of the analyzed papers, 28 discussed obstacles or success factors.

However, the recommendations applicable in one setting are not automatically valid in others, and some are even contradictory. The recommendations have therefore been categorized according to two criteria; when in the exercise cycle and for whom they apply. Several recommendations concern individual learning, but maximizing individual learning can sometimes hamper learning on the organizational level.
 
  Address Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Sweden  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iscram Place of Publication Valencia, Spain Editor Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-84-09-10498-7 Medium  
  Track T2- Command and control studies Expedition Conference 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1957  
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Author Pär Hans Tuve Eriksson; Niklas Hallberg pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Design to Fit – Morphological Analysis as a Tool for Exercise Design Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2019 Publication Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2019  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Exercise design, morphological analysis, crisis management  
  Abstract Exercises are considered as vital to develop and sustain crisis management capabilities. An exercise may have a role both as a provider of knowledge about the crisis management system, and its performance, and as a driver of change through training of individuals, groups and organizations. However, the relationship between the design and characteristics of a specific exercise, and the usability of its results in the development of the crisis management system is not well-understood. The objective of this paper is to explore if a morphological field can be used to investigate this relationship. Such a field was designed and evaluated. Even though this field was relatively simple, it was concluded that it provides results that deepen the understanding of how different types of exercises can contribute to the development of the crisis management system.  
  Address FOI, Sweden  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iscram Place of Publication Valencia, Spain Editor Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-84-09-10498-7 Medium  
  Track T2- Command and control studies Expedition Conference 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1953  
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Author Mari Olsén; Niklas Hallberg; Kristoffer Darin Mattsson pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Who Learns from Crisis Management Exercises: An Explorative Study Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2019 Publication Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2019  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Learning, exercise, crisis management  
  Abstract Exercises are stated to be an important means to learn how to handle crises. However, it has been discussed who should participate and what can be learnt from them. Several roles are involved in the planning, execution and evaluation of exercises, such as participants, observers, facilitators and evaluators. This paper presents an empirical study of the differences in learning experiences between participants and observers. The study was based on interviews with participants and observers involved in a series of exercises at municipality level. The result shows that the participants? learning relates to individual experiences and how well they felt they performed the task. Meanwhile, the observers? learning experiences concerned organisational issues. The findings suggest that to achieve variation in learning experiences, which is important for inventing new solutions, crisis management organisations need to allow their personnel to try different roles in the exercises to increase the learning outcome.  
  Address Swedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iscram Place of Publication Valencia, Spain Editor Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-84-09-10498-7 Medium  
  Track T2- Command and control studies Expedition Conference 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1936  
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Author Amanda Jaber; Björn Johan Erik Johansson; Linnea Bergsten; Joeri Laere van; Peter Berggren pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Evaluating the observation protocol of the Team Resilience Assessment Method for Simulation (TRAMS) Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2019 Publication Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2019  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Simulation games, training, Systemic Resilience Model, team resilience, assessment  
  Abstract This work in progress paper presents an initial evaluation of the observation protocol of the Team Resilience Assessment Method for Simulation (TRAMS) conducted in a crisis response simulation project. TRAMS is designed to assess the resilience of crisis response teams. The TRAMS observation protocol uses six core resilience functions from the Systemic Resilience Model as its theoretical foundation. Three independent observers used the protocol during a pilot study and six actual simulation games. Strategies relating to three out of six core resilience functions could be identified. The observations made were distributed similarly among the observers, indicating that the components of the TRAMS protocol are stable enough to continue developing the protocol. This study describes changes made to the protocol since the original design, and describes how the strategies relating to the six core resilience functions can be identified in the simulation games.  
  Address Linköping University, Sweden;Skövde University, Sweden  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iscram Place of Publication Valencia, Spain Editor Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-84-09-10498-7 Medium  
  Track T2- Command and control studies Expedition Conference 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1940  
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Author Abbas Ganji; Tom Wilson; Sonia Saveli; Dharma Dailey; Mark Haselkorn pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Cause and Effect: A Qualitative Analysis of Obstacles to Information Sharing During a Regional Disaster Exercise Type Conference Article
  Year (down) 2019 Publication Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management Abbreviated Journal Iscram 2019  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Information Sharing; Disaster Response; Qualitative Analysis; Collaboration; Coordination  
  Abstract After large-scale disasters, diverse partner agencies rely heavily on an information-sharing environment that supports collaborative work. In the U.S., this occurs under the Incident Command System (ICS), a structured organizational framework for coordinated action. We explore obstacles to information sharing and coordinationobserved at a county-level Emergency Operations Center (EOC) operating under ICS during the response phase of a large-scale regional disaster exercise. Textual observations collected in situ are analyzed for both the effect/manifestation and cause/source of barriers to information sharing. Two-thirds of barriers that manifest as computational issues are not caused by technology breakdowns, and a third caused by unclear processes manifest as computational issues. Overall, obstacles to collaborative work that appear to be related to computational issues are generally attributable to non-technical causes. This indicates that resources directed at improving collaborative management of disasters by enhancing technological capabilities are likely to be misdirected.  
  Address University of Washington, United States of America  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iscram Place of Publication Valencia, Spain Editor Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2411-3387 ISBN 978-84-09-10498-7 Medium  
  Track T2- Command and control studies Expedition Conference 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1848  
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