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	Author	Andrew Marinik; Ludwig Gantner; Scott Fritz; Sean Smith
	Title	Developing Performance Metrics of an Emergency Notification System			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	663-668
	Keywords	Emergency Notification System, Early Warning System, Socio-Technical Systems Theory.
	Abstract	The use of emergency notification systems (ENS), or early warning systems, are not only common practice among Institutes of Higher Education (IHEs), but are required by law in the United States. The dramatic increase in use is matched by the increase in community expectation. This community expectation corresponding with societal shifts challenges Public Safety leaders to implement and maintain a broad and highly reliable ENS. Most Public Safety programs lack the internal resources to consistently assess system risk, reliability, and messaging validity of their ENS sufficient to match the required system performance. Virginia Tech Emergency Management is proposing an ENS evaluation system capable of supporting assessment of reliability and risk across the entire system through the lens of Socio-Technical Systems (STS) theory at a practitioner level. By organizing emergency notification/early warning systems through Human Subsystems, Technical Subsystems, and Task Design the practitioner can assess their system by performance and risk.
	Address	Virginia Tech Emergency Management; Virginia Tech Network Infrastructure & Services; Virginia Tech Division of Operations IT; Virginia Tech Police Department
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-61	ISBN	2411-3447	Medium
	Track	Resilience in Critical Infrastructures	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	amarinik@vt.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2262
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	Author	Andrew Sherson; S Uma; Raj Prasanna
	Title	The effect of localised factors on water pipe repair times post-earthquake			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM Asia Pacific 2018: Innovating for Resilience – 1st International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Asia Pacific.	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram Ap 2018
	Volume		Issue		Pages	366-380
	Keywords	Lifelines, Earthquake, Localised factors, repair times
	Abstract	In the Wellington Region, many lifelines are at risk, because they are in vulnerable narrow corridors close to active faults. In an earthquake, it is expected that these lifelines will be significantly damaged and unusable for extended periods of time. Because of this risk, many studies have been conducted to investigate the resulting downtimes. These studies, despite their usefulness, do not incorporate or make significant assumptions about localised factors. This paper summarises a thesis that aimed to improve the current predictive models, by including these local, and contextual influences. Multiple stakeholders who manage and repair the lifelines were interviewed to identify these factors which were then included into one of the current predictive models, and the influence on repair times was recorded. It was discovered that localised impacts such as staff logistics, land sliding, the land gradient, interdependency, and access doubled previous predicted repair times.
	Address	Joint Centre for Disaster Research / Massey University; Stantec; GNS Science
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Massey Univeristy	Place of Publication	Albany, Auckland, New Zealand	Editor	Kristin Stock; Deborah Bunker
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0-473-45447-0	Medium
	Track	Understanding Risk, Risk Reduction, Consequences and Forecasting	Expedition		Conference	ISCRAM Asia Pacific 2018: Innovating for Resilience - 1st International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Asia Pacific
	Notes	sherson.andrew@gmail.com			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1685
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	Author	Anjum, U.; Zadorozhny, V.; Krishnamurthy, P.
	Title	Localization of Events Using Neural Networks in Twitter Data			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2023
	Volume		Issue		Pages	909-919
	Keywords	Social Networking; Event Localization; Twitter; Neural Networks; GAN, BiLSTM
	Abstract	In this paper, we develop a model with neural networks to localize events using microblogging data. Localization is the task of finding the location of an event and can be done by discovering event signatures in microblogging data. We use the deep learning methodology of Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) to learn event signatures. We propose a methodology for labeling the Twitter date for use in Bi-LSTM However, there might not be enough data available to train the Bi-LSTM and learn the event signatures. Hence, the data is augmented using generative adversarial networks (GAN). Finally, we combine event signatures at different temporal and spatial granularity to improve the accuracy of event localization. We use microblogging data collected from Twitter to evaluate our model and compare it with other baseline methods.
	Address	Tokyo Institute of Technology
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	University of Nebraska at Omaha	Place of Publication	Omaha, USA	Editor	Jaziar Radianti; Ioannis Dokas; Nicolas Lalone; Deepak Khazanchi
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor	Hosssein Baharmand	Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition	1
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Track	AI for Crisis Management	Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://dx.doi.org/10.59297/UVZV1884			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2575
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	Author	Anmol Haque; Duygu Pamukcu; Ruixiang Xie; Mohsen Zaker Esteghamati; Margaret Cowell; Jennifer L. Irish
	Title	Cascading Effects of Mass Gatherings on COVID-19 Infections from a Multi-hazard Perspective: A Case Study of New York City			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2021
	Volume		Issue		Pages	218-227
	Keywords	COVID-19 pandemic, Mass gatherings, Multi-hazard, Vulnerability
	Abstract	The devastating economic and societal impacts of COVID-19 can be substantially compounded by other secondary events that increase individuals' exposure through mass gatherings such as protests or sheltering due to a natural disaster. Based on the Crichton's Risk Triangle model, this paper proposes a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation framework to estimate the impact of mass gatherings on COVID-19 infections by adjusting levels of exposure and vulnerability. To this end, a case study of New York City is considered, at which the impact of mass gathering at public shelters due to a hypothetical hurricane will be studied. The simulation results will be discussed in the context of determining effective policies for reducing the impact of multi-hazard generalizability of our approach to other secondary events that can cause mass gatherings during a pandemic will also be discussed.
	Address	Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-61-5	ISBN		Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	anmol91@vt.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2327
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	Author	Anna Kruspe
	Title	Detecting Novelty in Social Media Messages During Emerging Crisis Events			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	860-871
	Keywords	Social media; Clustering; Novelty; Embeddings
	Abstract	Social media can be a highly valuable source of information during disasters. A crisis' development over time is of particular interest here, as social media messages can convey unfolding events in near-real time. Previous approaches for the automatic detection of information in such messages have focused on a static analysis, not taking temporal changes and already-known information into account. In this paper, we present a novel method for detecting new topics in incoming Twitter messages (tweets) conditional upon previously found related tweets. We do this by first extracting latent representations of each tweet using pre-trained sentence embedding models. Then, Infinite Mixture modeling is used to dynamically cluster these embeddings anew with each incoming tweet. Once a cluster reaches a minimum number of members, it is considered to be a new topic. We validate our approach on the TREC Incident Streams 2019A data set.
	Address	German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-76	ISBN	2411-3462	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	anna.kruspe@dlr.de			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2277
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	Author	Anna Kruspe; Jens Kersten; Friederike Klan
	Title	Detecting event-related tweets by example using few-shot models			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2019
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Social media, Twitter, Relevance, Keywords, Hashtags, Few-shot models, One-class classification
	Abstract	Social media sources can be helpful in crisis situations, but discovering relevant messages is not trivial. Methods have so far focused on universal detection models for all kinds of crises or for certain crisis types (e.g. floods). Event-specific models could implement a more focused search area, but collecting data and training new models for a crisis that is already in progress is costly and may take too much time for a prompt response. As a compromise, manually collecting a small amount of example messages is feasible. Few-shot models can generalize to unseen classes with such a small handful of examples, and do not need be trained anew for each event. We show how these models can be used to detect crisis-relevant tweets during new events with just 10 to 100 examples and counterexamples. We also propose a new type of few-shot model that does not require counterexamples.
	Address	German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Iscram	Place of Publication	Valencia, Spain	Editor	Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-84-09-10498-7	Medium
	Track	T8- Social Media in Crises and Conflicts	Expedition		Conference	16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1911
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	Author	Anne-Marie Barthe-Delanoë; Sébastien Truptil; Nelly Olivier-Maget; Frédérick Bénaben
	Title	Towards an Organizational and Socio-Technical Context-Aware Adaptation of Emergency Plans			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings – 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2018
	Volume		Issue		Pages	212-217
	Keywords	Agility, context awareness, emergency plan, preparation
	Abstract	In France, facilities listed under environment protection regulations are required to draw up emergency plans. During a crisis situation, facing an unexpected event, these plans may be irrelevant. They have to be adapted to the current crisis situation and its observed or anticipated evolutions, using data emitted by the crisis ecosystem. But this adaptation requires lots of effort and is time-consuming. This article aims at presenting an approach to ensure the dynamic adaptation of emergency plans. We propose to identify generic configuration variables (representing interactions of physical phenomena and human factors on the facility) and to feed these configuration variables by collecting and processing data emitted by sensors, social networks, official reports, etc. Therefore, emergency plans could natively integrate agility by their ability to detect and take into account a change in the crisis situation and decision makers will be supported since the early stage of the crisis response.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Rochester Institute of Technology	Place of Publication	Rochester, NY (USA)	Editor	Kees Boersma; Brian Tomaszeski
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-0-692-12760-5	Medium
	Track	Command and control studies	Expedition		Conference	ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings - 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2101
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	Author	Anne-Marie Barthe-Delanoë; Wenxin Mu
	Title	Towards a Context-Aware Systemic Risk Management Framework for the Crisis Response			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1122-1129
	Keywords	Context-Awareness; Risk Analysis; Risk Evaluation; Knowledge Base; Systemic Risk
	Abstract	Crisis response is, as any other collaborative networked organization, challenged by changes and vulnerabilities. Moreover, as a complex system with distributed activities and numerous interdependencies, considering the risk of such an organization at a systemic level, including time and space dimensions, is necessary. Systemic risk management is a topic traditionally studied in the finance area. Even if a few researches now focus on the supply chain management area (a more relatable domain regarding crisis response), there is even fewer literature regarding systemic risk management for the crisis response. Thus, this paper proposes first to define systemic risk related to the case of the crisis response. Then, a framework for context-aware systemic risk management is presented, to support the design as well as the follow-up of the crisis response, meeting one of the challenges of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
	Address	Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; Department of Information Management, Jiao Tong University, Beijing, China
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-101	ISBN	2411-3487	Medium
	Track	Visions for Future Crisis Management	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	annemarie.barthe@ensiacet.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2302
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	Author	Anouck Adrot; Mercedes Aguerre
	Title	Data Ecosystems and Disaster Risk Reduction in Cross-border Regions: Visioning from 2020 Roya Valley Flood Disaster			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2022
	Volume		Issue		Pages	878-886
	Keywords	Data ecosystems; cross-border regions; organizational field; disaster risk reduction
	Abstract	Knowledge on the practical support from data ecosystems to disaster risk reduction remains partial. More specifically, we misunderstand the drivers and challenges inherent to emergency data ecosystems development in cross-border regions. We also miss cases of data ecosystem building in those regions. This research addresses these gaps by abiding by the principles and guidelines of visioning, a prospective and collaborative research design. Based on qualitative interviewing and archive analysis of the case 2020 Roya Valley floods, this work provides a prospect of a segment of data ecosystem that involves an organizational field aiming at Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) at the French-Italian border. Still in progress, this work provides a comprehensive narration of a fictious data ecosystem. The narration hints at the major benefits and challenges inherent to this potential data ecosystem. This work enriches our understanding of data ecosystems’ features and benefits to cooperation between organizations involved in emergencies at borders (such as governments, civil protection agencies, volunteer-based organizations). In future development it will propose an agenda to support practitioners in the development good practices related to data ecosystems.
	Address	Université Paris-Dauphine PSL; Croix Rouge Française
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Tarbes, France	Editor	Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-82-8427-099-9	Medium
	Track	Visions for Future Crisis Management	Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2462
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	Author	Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel (eds)
	Title	18th ISCRAM Conference Proceedings			Type	Conference Volume
	Year	2021	Publication	ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2021
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	The theme of ISCRAM 2021 is ?Embracing the Interdisciplinary Nature of Crisis Management.? These proceedings highlight the range of interdisciplinary research required to understand the design, behavior, and performance of crisis and emergency management systems. We are pleased to present the included papers, which offer excellent contributions on a wide range of topics related to the use of information systems in crisis response and management.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-1-949373-61-5	Medium
	Track	Proceedings	Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2396
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	Author	Anouck Adrot; Samuel Auclair; Julien Coche; Audrey Fertier; Cécile Gracianne; Aurélie Montarnal
	Title	Using Social Media Data in Emergency Management: A Proposal for a Socio-technical Framework and a Systematic Literature Review			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2022
	Volume		Issue		Pages	470-479
	Keywords	data eco-system; data processing; social media; information management; information technology; emergency organization
	Abstract	Data represents an essential resource to the management of emergencies: organizations have been growingly investing in technologies and resources to lever data as an asset before, during, and after disasters and emergencies. However, research on data usage in emergency management remains fragmented, preventing practitioners and scholars from approaching data comprehensively. To address this gap, this research in progress consists of a systematic review of the literature in a two-steps approach: we first propose a socio-technical framework and use it in an exploratory mapping of the main topics covered by the literature. Our preliminary findings suggest that research on data usage primarily focuses on technological opportunities and affordances and, hence, lacks practical implementation aspects in organizations. The expected contribution is double. First, we contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of data usage in emergency management. Second, we propose future avenues for research on data and resilience.
	Address	Dauphine Recherches en Management; French Geological Survey BRGM; IMT Mines Albi; IMT Mines Albi; French Geological Survey BRGM; IMT Mines Albi
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Tarbes, France	Editor	Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-82-8427-099-9	Medium
	Track	Data and Resilience: Opportunities and Challenges	Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2433
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	Author	Anton Björnqvist; Marc Friberg; Carl-Oscar Jonson; Jenny Pettersson; Peter Berggren
	Title	An Analysis of a Swedish Medical Command and Control System’s Situation Reports from the COVID-19 Pandemic			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2022	Publication	ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2022
	Volume		Issue		Pages	334-348
	Keywords	Information sharing; crisis management; situation reports; COVID-19; command and control
	Abstract	This paper presents an analysis of situation reports used and created by a crisis management team within the Swedish healthcare sector during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis was conducted through a deductive content analysis, where categories were identified based on the concepts of common operational pictures, sensemaking, and situation awareness. In the analysis, support for all identified categories was found. Based on the analysis and the concepts, future recommendations regarding what type of information that ought to be included in situation reports were created. These recommendations include, amongst others, the categories of consequences, how it is perceived by the public, objectives, status and implications of information, future scenarios, actions, resources, and work procedures.
	Address	Linköping University; Linköping University; Linköping University; Linköping University; Linköping University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Tarbes, France	Editor	Rob Grace; Hossein Baharmand
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-82-8427-099-9	Medium
	Track	Command and Control Studies	Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2422
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	Author	Antone Evans Jr.; Yingyuan Yang; Sunshin Lee
	Title	Towards Predicting COVID-19 Trends: Feature Engineering on Social Media Responses			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2021
	Volume		Issue		Pages	792-807
	Keywords	Big Data Analysis, Machine Learning, COVID-19, Twitter
	Abstract	During the course of this pandemic, the use of social media and virtual networks has been at an all-time high. Individuals have used social media to express their thoughts on matters related to this pandemic. It is difficult to predict current trends based on historic case data because trends are more connected to social activities which can lead to the spread of coronavirus. So, it's important for us to derive meaningful information from social media as it is widely used. Therefore, we grouped tweets by common keywords, found correlations between keywords and daily COVID-19 statistics and built predictive modeling. The features correlation analysis was very effective, so trends were predicted very well. A RMSE score of 0.0425504, MAE of 0.03295105 and RSQ of 0.5237014 in relation to daily deaths. In addition, we found a RMSE score of 0.07346836, MAE of 0.0491152 and RSQ 0.374529 in relation to daily cases.
	Address	University of Illinois Springfield; University of Illinois Springfield; University of Illinois Springfield
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-61-5	ISBN		Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilience	Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	aevan7@uis.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2374
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	Author	Antonio De Nicola; Maria Luisa Villani; Francesco Costantino; Andrea Falegnami; Riccardo Patriarca
	Title	Knowledge Fusion for Distributed Situational Awareness driven by the WAx Conceptual Framework			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2021
	Volume		Issue		Pages	79-85
	Keywords	distributed situational awareness, knowledge fusion, WAx framework, crisis management, cyber-socio-technical systems
	Abstract	Large crisis scenarios involve several actors, acting at the blunt-end of the process, such as rescue team directors, and at the sharp-end, such as firefighters. All of them have different perspectives on the crisis situation, which could be either coherent, alternative or complementary. This heterogeneity of perceptions hinders situational awareness, which is defined as the achievement of an overall picture on the above-mentioned crisis situation. We define knowledge fusion as the process of integrating multiple knowledge entities to produce actionable knowledge, which is consistent, accurate, and useful for the purpose of the analysis. Hence, we present a conceptual modelling approach to gather and integrate knowledge related to large crisis scenarios from locally-distributed sources that can make it actionable. The approach builds on the WAx framework for cyber-socio-technical systems and aims at classifying and coping with the different knowledge entities generated by the involved operators. The conceptual outcomes of the approach are then discussed in terms of open research challenges for knowledge fusion in crisis scenarios.
	Address	ENEA; ENEA – CR Casaccia; Sapienza University of Rome; Sapienza University of Rome; Sapienza University of Rome
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-61-5	ISBN		Medium
	Track	AI and Intelligent Systems for Crises and Risks	Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	antonio.denicola@enea.it			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2315
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	Author	Anying Chen; Guofeng Su; Manchun Liang
	Title	Simulation of Crowd Response During Emergency Considering People's Rational and Irrational Thinking			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2019
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Crowd response, simulation, emergency, herd effect.
	Abstract	Human beings have been facing numerous emergencies which could threaten their property or even their lives in all ages. In order to learn how people respond to the emergencies like earthquakes and fire disasters, a two-stage simulation considering people?s rational thinking and irrational thinking was conducted. Results show that people?s irrational thinking, like the herd effect, could exaggerate people?s behavior of conformity, and it changes the spatial features that stronger herd effect leads to higher cohesion level. It is also worth mentioning that crowd response of condition of smaller population is harder to predict because of its instability, and the response of the very first part of people who make decisions could make great changes to the whole crowd?s response. These results could give some enlightenment on the evacuation instruction during emergencies and future research works.
	Address	Tsinghua University, People's Republic of China
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Iscram	Place of Publication	Valencia, Spain	Editor	Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-84-09-10498-7	Medium
	Track	T1- Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1951
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	Author	Anying Chen; Zhongliang Huang; Manchun Liang; Guofeng Su
	Title	Empirical Study of Individual Evacuation Decision-making in Fire Accidents: Evacuate Intention and Herding Effect			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	200-209
	Keywords	Fire Accidents, Evacuation Experiment, Evacuate Intention, Herding Behaviors.
	Abstract	People's decision of evacuating or not could greatly influence the final losses in fire accidents. In order to study people's response under emergent occasions, a fire accident evacuation drill experiment was conducted in an office building without advance notice. 113 Participants' response and their decision-making process were collected by questionnaire survey right after the experiment. In this study, we mainly focused on two aspects of people's response, including participants' evacuate intention and their herding tendency during evacuate decision-making. It is found that the classical Expected Utility Theory (EUT) has certain limitation in explaining individual's evacuation intention, but the relationship between the expected utility and the evacuation intention could be represented with a modified model based on EUT. Furthermore, the herding tendency is found to be different for the two groups of people who intend to evacuate and not to evacuate. People who firstly intend not to evacuate are more easily to form herding behavior and change their minds to evacuate. Based on these findings, models of individual evacuation intention and herding tendency for two groups of people are put forward. Simulation is conducted to investigate the effect of these two changes in people's evacuation decision-making process, and results show that they both increase the final evacuation rate, reflecting the majority's risk aversion characteristics.
	Address	Tsinghua University;Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-19	ISBN	2411-3405	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	chenay15@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2220
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	Author	Apoorva Chauhan; Amanda Hughes
	Title	COVID-19 Named Resources on Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2021
	Volume		Issue		Pages	679-690
	Keywords	Crisis Named Resources, Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, COVID-19
	Abstract	Crisis Named Resources (CNRs) are social media accounts and pages named after a crisis event. They are created soon after an event occurs. CNRs share a lot of information around an event and are followed by many. In this study, we identify CNRs created around COVID-19 on Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. We analyze when these resources were created, why they were created, how they were received by members of the public, and who created them. We conclude by comparing CNRs created around COVID-19 with past crisis events and discuss how CNR owners attempt to manage content and combat misinformation.
	Address	University of Waterloo; Brigham Young University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-61-5	ISBN		Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilience	Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	apoorva.chauhan@aggiemail.usu.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2364
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	Author	Apoorva Chauhan; Amanda Lee Hughes
	Title	Social Media Resources Named after a Crisis Event			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings – 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2018
	Volume		Issue		Pages	573-583
	Keywords	Crisis Informatics, Crisis Named Resources, Social Media
	Abstract	Crisis Named Resources (CNRs) are the social media accounts and pages named after a crisis event. CNRs typically appear spontaneously after an event as places for information exchange. They are easy to find when searching for information about the event. Yet in most cases, it is unclear who manages these resources. Thus, it is important to understand what kinds of information they provide and what role they play in a response. This paper describes a study of Facebook and Twitter CNRs around the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire. We report on CNR lifecycles, and their relevance to the event. Based on the information provided by these resources, we categorize them into 8 categories: donations, fundraisers, prayers, reactions, reports, needs and offers, stories, and unrelated. We also report on the most popular CNR on both Facebook and Twitter. We conclude by discussing the role of CNRs and the need for future investigation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Rochester Institute of Technology	Place of Publication	Rochester, NY (USA)	Editor	Kees Boersma; Brian Tomaszeski
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-0-692-12760-5	Medium
	Track	Social Media Studies	Expedition		Conference	ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings - 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2132
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	Author	Arnis Parsovs
	Title	Solving the Estonian ID Card Crisis: the Legal Issues			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	459-471
	Keywords	Cyber Resilience, Electronic Identity, Cyber Legislation, eIDAS.
	Abstract	In 2017, Estonia experienced a cyber crisis caused by a vulnerability found in the smart card chips produced by Infineon Technologies AG. Since the affected chip was used in the electronic identity card (ID card) issued by the State to more than half of the Estonian population, the vulnerability posed a risk to the resilience of Estonian e-state and thus quickly escalated into a manageable crisis. This work studies to what extent, in such a national emergency, the involved parties were able to precisely follow the applicable laws and regulations in the field. We enlist the cases where the requirements were not fully followed, either due to the lack of technical preparedness, suboptimal decisions made under heavy time pressure, or the critical nature of the situation.
	Address	STACC OU, Estonia University of Tartu, Estonia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-44	ISBN	2411-3430	Medium
	Track	Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	arnis.parsovs@ut.ee			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2245
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	Author	Artur Ricardo Bizon; Luciana P. de Araújo Kohler; Adilson Luiz Nicoletti; Fernanda Dal Bosco; Murilo Schramm da Silva; Thales Bohn Pessatti
	Title	Integration statistical systems for land cover mapping in Southern Brazil			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	498-505
	Keywords	Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Classifier, Google Earth Engine, Remote Sensing.
	Abstract	The remote sensing is a way to optimize the process of land cover classification allowing that this process will be by high definition images of satellite. For the research it was used the Google Earth Engine with JavaScript programming language to classify the images, identifying the areas with forest or reforest. It was identified that classifiers Random Forest and Logistic Regression have a high performance in classify the images. From them it was developed functions to process automatically of new images with purpose of classify them in relation to land cover.
	Address	Departamento de Engenharia Florestal -- Universidade Regional de Blumenau; Departamento de Engenharia Florestal -- Universidade Regional de Blumenau; Departamento de Engenharia Florestal -- Universidade Regional de Blumenau;Departamento de Engenharia Florestal -- Universidade Regional de Blumenau; Departamento de Engenharia Florestal -- Universidade Regional de Blumenau; Departamento de Engenharia Florestal -- Universidade Regional de Blumenau
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-47	ISBN	2411-3433	Medium
	Track	Geospatial Technologies and Geographic Information Science for Crisis Management (GIS)	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	abizon@furb.br			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2248
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	Author	Asmelash Teka Hadgu; Sallam Abualhaija; Claudia Niederée
	Title	Real-time Adaptive Crawler for Tracking Unfolding Events on Twitter			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2019
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	social search, real-time adaptive search, event tracking, crsis communication
	Abstract	When a major event such as a crisis situation occurs, people post messages on social media sites such as Twitter, in order to exchange information or to share emotions. These posts can provide useful information to raise situation awareness and support decision making, e.g., by aid organizations. In this paper, we propose a novel method for social media crawling, which exploits a Bayesian inference framework to keep track of keyword changes over time and uses a counter-stream to gauge the inclusion of noise and irrelevant information. In addition, we present a framework to evaluate real-time adaptive social search algorithms in a reproducible manner, which relies on a semi-automated approach for ground-truth construction. We show that our method outperforms previous methods for very large scale events.
	Address	L3S Research Center, Leibniz universität Hannover, Germany;Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Iscram	Place of Publication	Valencia, Spain	Editor	Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-84-09-10498-7	Medium
	Track	T8- Social Media in Crises and Conflicts	Expedition		Conference	16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1985
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	Author	Audrey Fertier; Aurélie Montarnal; Sébastien Truptil; Anne-Marie Barthe-Delanoë; Frédérick Bénaben
	Title	A situation model to support collaboration and decision-making inside crisis cells, in real time			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2017
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1020-1028
	Keywords	Crisis Management; Situation Model; Situation Awareness; Big Data
	Abstract	Natural and man-made hazards have many unexpected consequences that concern as many heterogeneous services. The GéNéPi project offers to support officials in addressing those events: its purpose is to support the collaboration in the field and the decision-making in the crisis cells. To succeed, the GéNéPi system needs to be aware of the ongoing crisis developments. For now, its best chance is to benefit from the ever growing number of available data sources. One of its goals is, therefore, to learn how to manage numerous, heterogeneous, more or less reliable data, in order to interpret them, in time, for the officials. The result consists on a situation model in the shape of a common operational picture. This paper describes every stage of modelling from the raw data selection, to the use of the situation model itself.
	Address	Centre Génie Industriel, Université de Toulouse, Albi, France; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Iscram	Place of Publication	Albi, France	Editor	Tina Comes, F.B., Chihab Hanachi, Matthieu Lauras, Aurélie Montarnal, eds
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN		Medium
	Track	Response and Recovery	Expedition		Conference	14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2085
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	Author	Audun Stolpe; Jo Hannay
	Title	On the Adaptive Delegation and Sequencing of Actions			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2021
	Volume		Issue		Pages	28-39
	Keywords	Decision support, AI Planning, Delegation, Sequencing, Adaptivity, Cognitive processes
	Abstract	Information systems support to crisis response and management relies crucially on presenting actionable information in a manner that supports cognitive processes, and does not overwhelm them. We outline how AI Planning can be used viably to support the \emph{delegation and sequencing} of tasks. The idea is to use standard operating procedures as initial specifications of plans in terms of actors, actions and delegation rules. When expressed in the AI planning language \textit{Answer set Programming} (ASP), machine reasoning can be used in a \textit{pre-incident review} to display relevant delegation and sequencing inherent in a plan. % together with measures of goal achievement. The purpose of this is to uncover weaknesses in the initial plan and to optimize sequencing and delegation to increase the likelihood of achieving goals. Further, adaptive planning can be supported in \textit{during-incident reviews} by updating the current status, upon which ASP will then compute new alternatives. % and corresponding goal achievement measures. At this point, initial goals may no longer be viable and the explicit suggestion of prior sub-optimal goals now worth pursuing can be a game-changer under stress. The conceptual basis we lay out in terms of delegation and sequencing can be readily extended with further planning factors, such as resource requirements, role transfer and goal achievement.
	Address	Norwegian Computing Center; Norwegian Computing Center
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-61-5	ISBN		Medium
	Track	AI and Intelligent Systems for Crises and Risks	Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	audun.stolpe@its.uio.no			Approved	no
	Call Number	ISCRAM @ idladmin @			Serial	2310
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	Author	Aurélie Congès; Alexis Evain; Olivier Chabiron; Col. Jacob Graham(USMC, R.); Frédérick Benaben
	Title	Virtual Reality to Train for Crisis Management			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1100-1112
	Keywords	Virtual reality; Crisis Management; Exercises; Decision-Support System
	Abstract	The EGCERSIS project aims at using virtual reality to improve the efficiency of the crisis management preparation phase. The idea is to tackle the drawbacks of regular crisis management exercises thanks to fully configurable scenarios taking place in digital twins of real critical sites. Virtual exercises will improve, among other things, the frequency, efficiency, and modularity of crisis management preparation, while reducing its costs. In this article, we demonstrate the idea of the project through a simple use-case taking place in a metro station and involving three crisis responders. By linking virtual exercises to our crisis management platform, we also want to demonstrate the usefulness of decision-support systems during a crisis.
	Address	IMT Mines Albi; IMT Mines Albi; Immersive Factory; The Pennsylvania State University; IMT Mines Albi
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-99	ISBN	2411-3485	Medium
	Track	Visions for Future Crisis Management	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	aurelie.conges@mines-albi.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2300
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	Author	Aurélie Congès; Frédérick Bénaben; Olivier Pierre; Francis Savic; Olivier Chabiron; Matthieu Lauras
	Title	On the usage of Virtual Reality for Crisis Management exercises in Critical Industrial Sites			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2019
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Virtual reality, training, coordination
	Abstract	EGCERSIS is a starting research program aiming at defining a virtual collaborative training space for crisis management. It should provide the users (first and second aid, firefighters, etc.) with a way to virtually perform operational and strategic tasks of crisis management in digital twins of critical infrastructures. The training system is structured according to four main components: (i) protocol and tools for digital twins generation, (ii) scenario editor dedicated to defining crisis use-cases within the modeled digital twins, (iii) integration with the technological crisis management platform (RIO-Suite), and (iv) monitoring component in charge of the continuous edition of dashboards (real-time and afterward). The main expected benefit of the EGCERSIS program is to create a breakthrough in the way training and exercises are performed in critical sites.
	Address	IMT Mines Albi, France;Immersive Factory;Report One
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Iscram	Place of Publication	Valencia, Spain	Editor	Franco, Z.; González, J.J.; Canós, J.H.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	978-84-09-10498-7	Medium
	Track	T14 - Protecting Critical Infrastructures in Crisis Situations	Expedition		Conference	16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1992
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