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Eric Rigaud, Anouck Adrot, Frank Fiedrich, Nour Kanaan, Miriam Klein, Farnaz Mahdavian, et al. (2020). Borderland Resilience Studies. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 338–355). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: This article describes the definition and characteristics of borderland resilience studies as an academic field, and precisely its core phenomenon, major themes or components and challenges. The phenomenon of borderland resilience is firstly defined. The results of empirical studies complete the conceptual description. Finally, the article proposes a set of research and development challenges.
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Florian Brauner, Julia Maertens, Holger Bracker, Ompe Aimé Mudimu, & Alex Lechleuthner. (2015). Determination of the effectiveness of security measures for low probability but high consequence events: A comparison of multi-agent-simulation & process modelling by experts (L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes, Eds.). Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Due to the increasing danger of terrorist attacks, it is necessary to determine the preventive effects of security measures installed in e.g. public transportation systems. Since, there is no common practice to determine the preventive effects; we developed two different methodologies to analyse those effects, both are suitable for the assessment of security measures. The first method is a semi-quantitative method based on expert-estimations combined with a modelled process of an attack.The second method models the scenarios using a multi-agent-based simulation framework. Simulating a large number of runs, it is possible to derive values for indicators of interest on statistical basis. We show the suitability of both methods by applying them on a practical example of a public transportation system. In this paper we introduce both methodologies, show an exemplary application and present the strengths and weaknesses and how they can be linked to get an increased benefit.
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Florian Brauner, Thomas Münzberg, Marcus Wiens, Frank Fiedrich, Alex Lechleuthner, & Frank Schultmann. (2015). Critical Infrastructure Resilience: A Framework for Considering Micro and Macro Observation Levels. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: The resilience mechanisms of Critical Infrastructures (CIs) are often hard to understand due to system complexity. With rising research interest, models are developed to reduce this complexity. However, these models imply reductions and limitations. According to the level of observation, models either focus on effects in a CI system or on effects in a single CI. In cases of limited resources, such limitations exclude some considerations of crisis interventions, which could be identified in combining both observation levels. To overcome these restrictions, we propose a two-step framework which enables to analyze the vulnerability of a CI and as well in comparison to other CIs. This enhances the understanding of temporal crisis impacts on the overall performance of the supply, and the crisis preparations in each CI can be assessed. The framework is applied to the demonstrating example of the functionalities of hospitals that are potentially suffering from a power outage.
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Martin Frassl, Michael Lichtenstern, Mohammed Khider, & Michael Angermann. (2010). Developing a system for information management in disaster relief – Methodology and requirements. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper discusses our ongoing work on a system for collecting, managing and distributing relevant information in disaster relief operations. It describes the background and conditions under which the system is being developed and employed. We present our methodology, the requirements and current functionality of the system and the lessons learned in exercises and training, involving a large number of international disaster management experts. We found that the viability of this kind of tool is determined by three main factors, namely reliability, usability and frugality. The system has gone through many prototype iterations and has matured towards becoming operational in a specific type of mission, i.e. assessment missions for large scale natural and man-made disasters. This paper aims at making a wider audience of disaster management experts aware of that system and the support it may provide to their work. Other researchers and developers may find our experience useful for creating systems in similar domains.
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Sérgio Freire, Daniele Ehrlich, & Stefano Ferri. (2014). Assessing temporal changes in global population exposure and impacts from earthquakes. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 324–328). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: It is frequently conveyed, especially in the media, an idea of “increasing impact of natural hazards” typically attributed to their rising frequency and/or growing vulnerability of populations. However, for certain hazard types, this may be mostly a result of increasing population exposure due to phenomenal global population growth, especially in the most hazardous areas. We investigate temporal changes in potential global population exposure and impacts from earthquakes in the XXth century. Spatial analysis is used to combine historical population distributions with a seismic intensity map. Changes in number of victims were also analyzed, while controlling for the progress in frequency and magnitude of hazard events. There is also a focus on mega-cities and implications of fast urbanization for exposure and risk. Results illustrate the relevance of population growth and exposure for risk assessment and disaster outcome, and underline the need for conducting detailed global mapping of settlements and population distribution.
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Sérgio Freire, Christoph Aubrecht, & Stephanie Wegscheider. (2012). When the tsunami comes to town – Improving evacuation modeling by integrating high-resolution population exposure. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: Tsunamis are a major risk for Lisbon (Portugal) coastal areas whose impacts can be extremely high, as confirmed by the past occurrence of major events. For correct risk assessment and awareness and for implementing mitigation measures, detailed simulation of exposure and evacuation is essential. This work uses a spatial modeling approach for estimating residential population distribution and exposure to tsunami flooding by individual building, and for simulating their evacuation travel time considering horizontal and vertical displacement. Results include finer evaluation of exposure to, and evacuation from, a potential tsunami, considering the specific inundation depth and building's height. This more detailed and accurate modeling of exposure to and evacuation from a potential tsunami can benefit risk assessment and contribute to more efficient Crisis Response and Management. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Gabriel, A., & Torres, F. S. (2023). Navigating Towards Safe and Secure Offshore Wind Farms: An Indicator Based Approach in the German North and Baltic Sea. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 609–619). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have become an increasingly relevant form of renewable energy in recent years, with the German North Sea being one of the most active regions in the world. However, the safety and security of OWF have become increasingly important due to the potential threats and risks associated with their growing share in the security of energy supply. This paper aims to present a comprehensive and systematic indicator-based approach to assess the safety and security status of OWFs in the German North Sea. The approach is based on the results of a survey of people working in the offshore industry and draws on the work published by Gabriel et al. (2022). The results of the study suggest that the indicator-based approach is a useful tool for end users to assess the security status of offshore wind farms and can be used for further research and development.
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Gerasimos Antzoulatos, Panagiotis Giannakeris, Ilias Koulalis, Anastasios Karakostas, Stefanos Vrochidis, & Ioannis Kompatsiaris. (2020). A Multi-Layer Fusion Approach For Real-Time Fire Severity Assessment Based on Multimedia Incidents. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 75–89). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: Shock forest fires have short and long-terms devastating impact on the sustainable management and viability of natural, cultural and residential environments, the local and regional economies and societies. Thus, the utilisation of risk-based decision support systems which encapsulate the technological achievements in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and fire growth simulation models have rapidly increased in the last decades. On the other hand, the rise of image and video capturing technology, the usage mobile and wearable devices, and the availability of large amounts of multimedia in social media or other online repositories has increased the interest in the image understanding domain. Recent computer vision techniques endeavour to solve several societal problems with security and safety domains to be one of the most serious amongst others. Out of the millions of images that exist online in social media or news articles a great deal of them might include the existence of a crisis or emergency event. In this work, we propose a Multi-Layer Fusion framework, for Real-Time Fire Severity Assessment, based on knowledge extracted from the analysis of Fire Multimedia Incidents. Our approach consists of two levels: (a) an Early Fusion level, in which state-of-the-art image understanding techniques are deployed so as to discover fire incidents and objects from images, and (b) the Decision Fusion level which combines multiple fire incident reports aiming to assess the severity of the ongoing fire event. We evaluate our image understanding techniques in a collection of public fire image databases, and generate simulated incidents and feed them to our Decision Fusion level so as to showcase our method's applicability.
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Nicklaus A. Giacobe, & Pamela J. Soule. (2014). Social media for the emergency manager in disaster planning and response. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 570–574). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: This practitioner paper outlines some of the benefits for the use of social media, from the perspective of a local-level or county-level emergency manager (EM). As compared to state and national level emergency management, because local level EMs have limited manpower and resources, social media can positively or negatively impact the effectiveness of communication before, during and after disaster strikes. Outlined in this paper are six key points where local EMs have specific needs that could be addressed by the effective use of social media and, in the opinion of the authors, represent the top issues that EMs face when considering how to leverage Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and other social media platforms. The six needs addressed in this paper include: 1) Best practices for general social media use by EMs, 2) Social media use for internal command and control within the EM group, 3) Developing situation awareness by monitoring social media, especially prior to predicable events, 4) Communicating disaster preparedness messages through social media, 5)Using social media for gathering damage assessment information during, or immediately following a crisis,and 6) Leveraging social media volunteer groups. This short paper picks up where the Federal Emergency Management Agency's social media training leaves off and attempts to represent these six needs as use cases for researchers and developers to address in future publications and products.
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Haiyan Hao, & Yan Wang. (2020). Hurricane Damage Assessment with Multi-, Crowd-Sourced Image Data: A Case Study of Hurricane Irma in the City of Miami. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 825–837). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: The massive crowdsourced data generated on social networking platforms (e.g. Twitter and Flickr) provide free, real-time data for damage assessment (DA) even during catastrophes. Recent studies leveraging crowdsourced data for DA mainly focused on analyzing textual formats. Crowdsourced images can provide rich and objective information about damage conditions, however, are rarely researched for DA purposes. The highly-varied content and loosely-defined damage forms make it difficult to process and analyze the crowdsourced images. To address this problem, we propose a data-driven DA method based on multi-, crowd-sourced images, which includes five machine learning classifiers organized in a hierarchical structure. The method is validated with a case study investigating the damage condition of the City of Miami caused by Hurricane Irma. The outcome is then compared with a metric derived from NFIP insurance claims data. The proposed method offers a resource for rapid DA that supplements conventional DA methods.
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Niklas Hallberg, Helena Granlund, Jonas Hallberg, & Rogier Woltjer. (2012). Rationale for emergency management systems for local communities: A needs assessment. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: Information systems have great potential to support emergency management. However, development of such systems is difficult, due to the complexity of emergency management. The ability to be able to reveal the needs for support are essential for successful system developments. The emergency responders at the local community level are the main actors when it comes to emergency management. The objective of this paper is to explore the rationale for emergency management systems at the local community level. This is done by an extensive needs assessment based on 12 interviews with representatives for local as well as regional emergency organizations and 49 governing documents. The analysis uncovers ten areas where emergency management systems can enhance the ability of local communities' to manage emergencies. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Nick Hedley. (2012). Capturing communities' perceptions of risk through the eyes of their citizens: Using mobile VGI networks to map tsunami risk awareness. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: This paper describes research in progress exploring the use of mobile device technology and citizen sensors, as tools for emergency managers and planners to quickly to gather and map citizen perceptions of risk in communities exposed to tsunami hazards. VAPoR is an agile, deployable system developed at the Spatial Interface Research Lab that does this. It is currently being field tested on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. This evaluation assesses these technologies and methods, and their potential to help emergency planners mitigate risk in coastal communities. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Michael Hiete, & Mirjam Merz. (2009). An indicator framework to assess the vulnerability of industrial sectors against indirect disaster losses. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Natural and man-made hazards may affect industrial production sites by both direct losses (due to physical damage to assets and buildings) and indirect losses (production losses). Indirect losses, e.g. from production downtimes, can exceed direct losses multiple times. Thus, the vulnerability of industrial sectors to indirect losses is an important component of risk and its determination is an important part within risk analysis. In this paper a conceptual indicator framework is presented which allows to assess the indirect vulnerability of industrial sectors to different types of disasters in a quantitative manner. The results are useful for information sharing and decision making in crisis management and emergency planning (mitigation measures, business continuity planning), since the developed indicator system helps to take the complex phenomenon of industrial vulnerability and the underlying interdependencies into account. Besides the identification and conceptual motivation of the indicators, methodical aspects such as standardization, weighting and aggregation are addressed.
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Katarína Zánická Holla, Ladislav Simak, & Jozef Ristvej. (2012). Systematic method of risk assessment in industrial processes. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: The mankind has passed through a significant historical frontier, including technological processes where hazardous substances are the potential threats for the employees, the public, environment and property and therefore it is inevitable to pay increased attention to the occurrence of the industrial accidents and mainly to their prevention. The area of safety of technical and technological systems is very closely connected not only with the reliability of the processes but also with the technical as well as social, legal and other aspects. There exist several systematic approaches, methods and techniques to assess industrial processes and risks linked to these processes on the European Union level and also on the national level of each member state. We can mention some basic systematic approaches – MOSAR, CPQRA, ARAMIS, PRA (PSA) widely used in this area. But according to the analyst's needs they usually miss structured and systematic approach, how to complete the risk assessment in steps and what the content of each of these steps is. The main focus of this paper is to discuss the theoretical aspects of the risk assessment in industrial processes and to show the possible approach of structured and systematic methods with support of logical diagrams to fulfill all tasks concerning the industrial accident assessment. Last but not least it is to present the research activities of the Department of Crisis Management, University of Žilina in Žilina, Slovakia. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Xiaofeng Hu, Shifei Shen, & Jiansong Wu. (2012). Modeling of attacking and defending strategies in situations with intentional threats. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: Intentional threats including terrorism have become a worldwide catastrophe risk since recent years. To protect the cities from being attacked, the macro-level study of decision analysis should be given more considerations. In this paper, we proposed a model for describing the strategic game between attackers and defenders based on the methodology of matrix game. This model can be employed to determine which target will be selected by attackers and which attacking strategy and defending strategy will be chosen by attackers and defenders respectively. Furthermore, the defenders of the city can use this model to set priorities among their defending strategies. The importance of this work is to establish a reasonable framework for modeling the attacking and defending strategies rather than assessing the real risk of urban targets, so the model is illustrated by using fictitious numbers. The model proposed in this paper can provide scientific basis for macroscopic decision making in responding to intentional threats. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Inga Kroener, Hayley Watson, & Julia Muraszkiewicz. (2017). Agility in crisis management information systems requires an iterative and flexible approach to assessing ethical, legal and social issues. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 247–255). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the assessment of ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) in relation to agile information systems in the domain of crisis management. The authors analyse the differing needs of a move from a traditional approach to the development of information systems to an agile approach, which offers flexibility, adaptability and responds to the needs of users as the system develops. In turn, the authors argue that this development requires greater flexibility and an iterative approach to assessing ELSI. The authors provide an example from the Horizon 2020 EU-funded project iTRACK (Integrated system for real-time TRACKing and collective intelligence in civilian humanitarian missions) to exemplify this move to an iterative approach in practice, drawing on the process of undertaking an ethical and privacy impact assessment for the purpose of this project.
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Irmana Sampedro, & Matthew Hughes. (2018). Underground Infrastructure and EQ events: how an advanced condition assessment and data collection process will assist in the planning for and recovery from an EQ event. In Kristin Stock, & Deborah Bunker (Eds.), Proceedings of ISCRAM Asia Pacific 2018: Innovating for Resilience – 1st International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Asia Pacific. (pp. 254–262). Albany, Auckland, New Zealand: Massey Univeristy.
Abstract: Is your organisation ready to cope with underground infrastructure condition assessment data collected after an earthquake? Drawing on lessons from the 2010-2011 Canterbury and 2016 Kaikoura earthquakes, we provide guidance on how to make small differences in how your organisation currently collects and stores the necessary condition data to prepare for emergencies, especially for small- and medium-size councils without sophisticated asset management systems. Key questions to address include: Are you receiving condition assessment data in electronic format? Are your contractors providing XY coordinates when repairs are undertaken, or when providing photographs as part of visual assessment? Do you have an asset management system able to prioritise critically damaged underground infrastructure? Do you have easy access to your current network condition for insurance purposes? Simple business-as-usual improvements will provide enhanced preparedness and resilience capability in the event of an earthquake. In addition, we provide a framework for future data collection processes.
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Ivar Svare Holand, Peter Mozelius, & Trond Olav Skevik. (2021). A structured and dynamic model for emergency management exercises. In Anouck Adrot, Rob Grace, Kathleen Moore, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 186–197). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: Emergencies are management challenges, and emergency exercises that involve multiple collaborating parties is a means towards mastering them. Such exercises are often conducted in a virtual training environment based on complex disaster scenarios. The reported study was carried out using a requirement-focused design approach. The aim was to describe and discuss a relevant design for lean, dynamic, and cost-efficient emergency management exercise systems. Data were gathered from a literature study and analyses of earlier emergency management projects in which the authors had participated. Despite the complexity of many current emergency management exercises, the scenarios usually involve only the response phases and have a linear structure that hinders both didactic aspects and the software structure. The conclusion drawn from the study is that an emergency management exercise model should focus on managing the activities that correspond to alternatives that unfold from a dynamic scenario. Finally, the authors recommend the principles of alternate reality games as a way towards more dynamic and cost-efficient emergency exercise systems.
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Gabriel Jakobson, Nandan Parameswaran, John Buford, Lundy Lewis, & Pradeep Ray. (2006). Situation-Aware multi-Agent system for disaster relief operations management. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 313–324). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Natural and human-made disasters create unparalleled challenges to Disaster Situation Management (DSM). One of the major weaknesses of the current DSM solutions is the lack of comprehensive understanding of the overall disaster operational situation, and very often making decisions based on a single event. Such weakness is clearly exhibited by the solutions based on the widely used Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) models for building the Muiti-Agent Systems (MAS). In this work we present the adaptation of the AESOP situation management architecture to address the requirements of disaster relief operations. In particular, we extend the existing BDI model with the capability of situation awareness. We describe how the key functions of event collection, situation identification, and situation assessment are implemented in MAS architecture suitable to the characteristics of large-scale disaster recovery. We present the details of a BDI agent in this architecture including a skeleton ontology, and the distributed service architecture of the AESOP platform.
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Joanne Stevenson, Ellie Kay, Chris Bowie, Vivienne Ivory, & John Vargo. (2018). The Data Challenges of Monitoring Resilience. In Kristin Stock, & Deborah Bunker (Eds.), Proceedings of ISCRAM Asia Pacific 2018: Innovating for Resilience – 1st International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Asia Pacific. (pp. 153–165). Albany, Auckland, New Zealand: Massey Univeristy.
Abstract: There is a growing global demand for planning and development interventions aimed at enhancing the resilience of human systems. Coinciding with this demand for resilience enhancement is the demand for rigorous monitoring and evaluation of resilience and of the efficacy of resilience interventions. The aim of these assessments is to help decision makers prioritise inputs in a way that will result in the greatest reduction of mortality, health effects, and economic losses. As a result, there is an almost insatiable hunger for data that can improve our understanding of the resilience of human systems in the face of disasters. This paper reflects on two ongoing projects that are part of the 'Resilience Trajectories' programme of the Resilience to Nature's Challenges National Science Challenge. The first project, the creation of a New Zealand Resilience Index, is used to illustrate the data-related challenges and limitations of quantitative resilience assessments. We argue that composite indicators are useful aids for having a robust discussion about resilience, but high-level indicators must be supplemented with local knowledge and contextual information to facilitate meaningful decision making. The second project, the Data Integration and Visualisation En Masse (DIVE) web-based data catalogue, presents a partial solution to some of the resilience data challenges we have observed in the creation of the national index.
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Joaquin Ramirez, Miguel Mendes, & Santiago Monedero. (2015). Enhanced forest fire risk assessment through the use of fire simulation models. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Forest fire risk assessment is an important task for forest fire management and planning. This paper presents current work on the definition and implementation of forest fire risk assessment models in the Wildfire AnalystTM software with the purpose of providing support and increased value in risk assessment. Three models are presented based on the concept of forest fire risk: forest fire structural hazard model that provides the assessment of the expected easiness that a fire has to spread in a certain area, a stochastic model that assesses the fire growth potential considering as potential ignition points critical elements of electric supply networks and a stochastic model that assesses the potential impact of forest fires on these infrastructures.
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Noel Johnson, & Ann Fruhling. (2006). Development and assessment of the STATPack[TM] emergency response system. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 197–201). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: The STATPack is a telemedicine consultation and emergency response system which was developed to increase statewide laboratory responsiveness to public health emergencies. Although several emergency response management information systems have been created for diagnostic laboratories at the national level, most states in the U.S. do not have the capability to share critical public health microbiology laboratory information at local levels, especially in rural communities. This paper offers a description and preliminary assessment of the STATPack as it is being deployed by the Nebraska Public Health Laboratory and should be recognized as research in-progress. Initial experiences with this emergency response system have been encouraging.
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Katherine Lamb, Martijn Boosman, & Jim Davies. (2015). Introspect Model: Competency Assessment in the Virtual World. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Over the last decade the number of operational incidents responded to, has the UK Fire and Rescue Service has diminished by approximately 40% (Knight, 2013). This reduction in incident number and consequential experiential learning opportunities has resulted in a deterioration of incident evaluation skills by the incident commanders. This paper will detail the application of the ?Introspect model? in conjunction with the use of XVR simulation software, within Oxfordshire Fire & Rescue Service (OFRS). The model has been applied in development sessions and during competence assessment over the last 6 years. In 2009, only 45% of those candidates assessed, demonstrated the desired level of competence, compared to over 70% in 2014. The ?Introspect model?focuses on the understanding of decision rationale, striving towards a state of unconscious competence within the crisis decision maker at the incident, to effectively compensate for the skill fade or inexperience, due to diminished incident exposure.
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Katrina Petersen, Rachel Oliphant, & Monika Büscher. (2016). Experimenting with the Ethical Impact Assessment as a Grounding Socio-Technical Practice. In A. Tapia, P. Antunes, V.A. Bañuls, K. Moore, & J. Porto (Eds.), ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings ? 13th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract: This paper discusses an experiment with a formative method for ethical impact assessment (EIA) in the context of IT design for multi-agency crisis management that draws on scenarios and role-playing to ground ethics in a broader socio-technical domain not just in user needs and values. Contextualising the EIA discussions in this way opened up new avenues for addressing ethical concerns, broadening the design context from a focus on usability to thinking creatively and collaboratively through ethical, legal and social implications.
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Norman Kerle. (2009). AÏDA – Providing a framework for objective assessment of ICT for disaster risk management in Africa. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: As part of its recently renewed interest in Africa, the European Commission has funded the 2-year project “AÏDA – Advancing ICT for DRM (Disaster Risk Management) in Africa”. AÏDA is primarily an inventory of the ICT situation in Africa – At continental, regional and national scales – To guide European funding decisions in R&D and capacity building in Africa. The first project objective was to develop a conceptual framework for the assessment of ICT for DRM, to serve as the basis for the in-depth regional and detailed studies in 4 countries. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the structure of this CF and its principal findings. By evaluating existing ICT achievements that are or can be applied towards DRM, but also limitations and bottlenecks, the CF can also guide governmental or non-governmental agencies focusing on DRM in Africa, as well as to target research efforts.
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