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Marie Bartels. (2014). Communicating probability: A challenge for decision support systems. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 260–264). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: This paper presents observations made in the course of two interorganizational crisis management exercises that were conducted in order to identify requirements for a decision support system for critical infrastructure operators. It brings into focus how different actors deal with the uncertainty of information that is relevant for other stakeholders and therefore is to be shared with them. It was analyzed how the participants articulated und comprehended assessments on how probable the reliability of a given data or prognosis was. The recipients of the information had to consider it when making decisions concerning their own network. Therefore they had to evaluate its reliability. Different strategies emerged.
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Benny Carlé, Fernand Vermeersch, & Carlos Rojas Palma. (2004). Systems improving communication in case of a nuclear emergency: Two information exchange systems in the Belgian Nuclear Research Center. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 57–62). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Creating a 'common view' between all stakeholders on the course of an emergency situation and the possible consequences is a challenge for any crisis management organisation. In the SCKâEUR¢CEN nuclear emergency preparedness research two projects address two different and particular communication or information management challenges. The HINES system aims at creating a common view by using an information system as a communication tool in an on-site nuclear emergency response room. The MODEM project uses XML-technology to stimulate communication between scientific experts from different countries and institutes by facilitating the exchange of information used in decision support models used to assess the impact of a release of radioactive material in the environment. Both systems are implemented in prototype phase and used regularly during exercises. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004.
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Carole Adam, & Eric Andonoff. (2019). Vigi Flood: a serious game for understanding the challenges of crisis communication. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Emergency managers receive communication training about the importance of being ?first, right and credible?,
which is not easy. For instance, in October 2018, the Aude department in the South-West of France was hit by
intense rain. Flash floods were hard to forecast and only the ?orange? level of vigilance could be raised initially, but
the population dismissed this very usual warning in that season. The ?red? level was then raised too late, leading
to high criticism. The main problem here is the loss of trust induced by too many ?false alarms?. In this paper
we propose a serious game called VigiFlood for raising awareness in the population about the difficulty of crisis
communication and their own responsibility for reacting to the alerts. The implemented game still has limited
functionality but already shows interesting results in helping the user to visualise and understand the trust dynamics
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Devin Hayes Ellis. (2015). On Message: Using an Online Interactive Simulation to Train Crisis Communicators. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Crisis communication research emphasizes the necessity for organized, informed, and effective strategies when engaging audiences. However it is often difficult to apply best practices from academic literature in real life situations. One way to bridge this gap is with an interactive simulation, which lets participants to test their ability to operate in a crisis. This paper describes the creation and implementation of an online crisis communication simulation developed for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The simulation uses a server-side software platform called ICONSnet?, which allows complexity in its design with both minimal overhead costs and human facilitation difficulties.
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Dunn, M. M. (2023). Aphorme: An Intralingual Translation Tool for Emergency Management and Disaster Response. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 1033–1041). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: While multilingual translation needs (from one or more language(s) to one or more others) in disaster events are a “perennial issue” among responders in crisis-affected communities (Crowley & Chan, 2011) and calls are being made to consider the access to (and translation of) information during crisis a human right (Greenwood et al., 2017), the literature that deals with intralingual translation in disaster is limited in places where it should thrive, such as crisis communication, translation studies, and rhetoric. Intralingual translation is of increasing relevance in disaster not only because of potential variability in literacy levels among those affected (O’Brien, 2020) but because responding to/planning for disaster requires an understanding of the ‘operational’ terms used (but not always shared) by other responding agencies in the field. This paper calls for increased attention to intralingual translation needs in disaster and introduces a translation technology (“Aphorme”) designed to mitigate those needs.
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Gerhard Backfried, Christian Schmidt, & Gerald Quirchmayr. (2015). Cross-Media Linking in Times of Disaster. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Many possible links and connections can be observed between the different types of media used for communication during a crisis. These links can be detected and assembled to provide a more complete picture of events. They can be categorized according to the type of destination which yields important information for the gathering process as well as concerning general patterns of how platforms are connected. Tweets, posts and comments thus become parts of larger, linked sets of documents forming compound-documents. These documents stretch across media borders and platforms and provide context and broader information for individual entries. In the current paper we describe some of the links and linking behavior encountered during the floods in Central Europe of 2013 from the perspective of Twitter and Facebook.
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Thomas Heverin, & Lisl Zach. (2010). Microblogging for crisis communication: Examination of twitter use in response to a 2009 violent crisis in the Seattle-Tacoma, Washington area. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This research-in-progress paper reports on the use of microblogging as a communication and information sharing resource during a recent violent crisis. The goal of the larger research effort is to investigate the role that microblogging plays in crisis communication during violent events. The shooting of four police officers and the subsequent 48-hour search for the suspect that took place in the Seattle-Tacoma area of Washington in late November 2009 is used as a case study. A stream of over 6,000 publically available messages on Twitter, a popular microblogging site, was collected and individual messages were categorized as information, opinion, technology, emotion, and action-related. The coding and statistical analyses of the messages suggest that citizens use microblogging as one method to organize and disseminate crisis-related information. Additional research is in progress to analyze the types of information transmitted, the sources of the information, and the temporal trends of information shared.
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Jan Wendland, Christian Ehnis, Rodney J. Clarke, & Deborah Bunker. (2018). Sydney Siege, December 2014: A Visualisation of a Semantic Social Media Sentiment Analysis. In Kees Boersma, & Brian Tomaszeski (Eds.), ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings – 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 493–506). Rochester, NY (USA): Rochester Institute of Technology.
Abstract: Sentiment Analyses are widely used approaches to understand and identify emotions, feelings, and opinion on social media platforms. Most sentiment analysis systems measure the presumed emotional polarity of texts. While this is sufficient for some applications, these approaches are very limiting when it comes to understanding how social media users actually use language resources to make sense of extreme events. In this paper, a Sentiment Analysis based on the Appraisal System from the theory of communication called Systemic Functional Linguistics is applied to understand the sentiment of event-driven social media communication. A prototype was developed to analyze Twitter data using the Appraisal System. This prototype was applied to tweets collected during and after the Sydney Siege 2014, a hostage situation in a busy café in Sydney. Because the Appraisal System is a theorised functional communication method, the results of this analysis are more nuanced than is possible with traditional polarity based sentiment analysis.
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Keri K. Stephens, Jing Li, Brett W. Robertson, William R. Smith, & Dhiraj Murthy. (2018). Citizens Communicating Health Information: Urging Others in their Community to Seek Help During a Flood. In Kees Boersma, & Brian Tomaszeski (Eds.), ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings – 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 893–902). Rochester, NY (USA): Rochester Institute of Technology.
Abstract: When wide-scale flooding occurs in a community not accustomed to floods, health concerns emerge. While official organizations tasked with communicating emerging health information exist, the proliferation of social media makes it possible for average citizens to participate in this conversation. This study used a combination of semi-structured interviews and photo elicitation techniques to explore how citizens used private social media sites to share health information. We found two main categories of health concerns: existing medical conditions and water-created. We further identified six themes that describe the common approaches average citizens used to share health information: Narrating a personal experience, presenting it as a Public Service Announcement, downplaying the contribution, bringing a credible source into the conversation, including external links and sources, and using humor. Together, these findings suggest that citizens need health information during a flood disaster, and when they do not have it available from official sources, they use their private social media to tap into a shared community identity and carefully help one another.
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Laura Petersen, Laure Fallou, Grigore Havarneanu, Paul Reilly, Elisa Serafinelli, & Rémy Bossu. (2018). November 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks and Social Media Use: Preliminary Findings from Authorities, Critical Infrastructure Operators and Journalists. In Kees Boersma, & Brian Tomaszeski (Eds.), ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings – 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 629–638). Rochester, NY (USA): Rochester Institute of Technology.
Abstract: Crisis communication is a key component of an effective emergency response. Social media has evolved as a prominent crisis communication tool. This paper reports how social media was used by authorities, critical infrastructure operators and journalists during the terrorist attacks that hit Paris on 13th November 2015. A qualitative study was conducted between January and February 2017 employing semi-structured interviews with seven relevant stakeholders involved in this communication process. The preliminary critical thematic analysis revealed four main themes which are reported in the results section: (1) social media is used in crisis times; (2) authorities gained situational awareness via social media; (3) citizens used social media to help one another; and (4) communication procedures changed after these critical events. In conclusion, authorities, citizens and journalists all turned to social media during the attack, both for crisis communication and for increasing situational awareness.
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Laura Petersen, Laure Fallou, Paul Reilly, & Elisa Serafinelli. (2017). Public expectations of social media use by critical infrastructure operators in crisis communication. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 522–531). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: Previous research into the role of social media in crisis communication has tended to focus on how sites such as Twitter are used by emergency managers rather than other key stakeholders, such as critical infrastructure (CI) operators. This paper adds to this emergent field by empirically investigating public expectations of informatio provided by CI operators during crisis situations. It does so by drawing on key themes that emerged from a review of the literature on public expectations of disaster related information shared via social media, and presenting the results of an online questionnaire-based study of disaster-vulnerable communities in France, Norway, Portugal and Sweden. Results indicate that members of the public expect CI operators to provide disaster related information via traditional and social media and to respond to their queries on social media. CI operators should avail of the opportunities provided by social media to provide real-time information to disaster affected communities.
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Lixiong Chen, Monika Buscher, & Yang Hu. (2020). Crowding Out the Crowd:The Transformation of Network Disaster Communication Patterns on Weibo. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 472–489). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: There is a surge in people turning to social media in disasters in China. In the 2010 Yushu earthquake, 5,979 Weibos were posted. Almost 10 years on, in the 2019 Yibin earthquake it was 17,495. This study presents a Social Network Analysis of the dynamics of this growth, taking the six major Chinese earthquakes of this decade as a case study. By constructing relationship matrices, the research reveals a transformation of networked crisis communication patterns on Weibo. We show how communication relationships between verified organisational users, government agencies, verified individual users (such as celebrities) and unverified ordinary users have changed, and we observe that government agencies are 'crowding out the crowd' of other users. We consider key aspects and the ethical complexities of this phenomenon.
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Ma Ma, H. Zhang, & Yi Liu. (2014). Development of a joint official microblog platform to improve interactive communication with the public under a centralized system. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 782–786). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: Social media bring both challenges and opportunities to crisis management. This paper summarizes the difficulties in crisis communication under a centralized jurisdiction system by looking into online collective behaviors in mainland China. The paper then introduces the development of an official microblog and proposes a joint official microblog platform to improve interactive communication in a centralized system. The functional design of this platform is introduced in detail and the future improvement of the platform is discussed.
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Maryam Shahbazi, Christian Ehnis, Majid Shahbazi, & Deborah Bunker. (2018). Tweeting from the Shadows: Social Media Convergence Behaviour During the 2017 Iran-Iraq Earthquake. In Kristin Stock, & Deborah Bunker (Eds.), Proceedings of ISCRAM Asia Pacific 2018: Innovating for Resilience – 1st International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Asia Pacific. (pp. 416–427). Albany, Auckland, New Zealand: Massey Univeristy.
Abstract: Official policies, socioeconomic and demographic factors influence how individuals cope with, and respond to natural disasters. Understanding the impact of these factors in social media crisis communications studies is difficult. This paper focuses on convergence behaviour during social media crisis communication in an environment where the access to commercial social media platforms is highly restricted. This study is designed as a case which analyses 41,745 Tweets communicated during an earthquake event and for the two weeks after. This research aims to understand how different communities use social media services for communication during extreme events. The content of the Tweets shows users' attitudes toward government policies as well as the social difficulties of ethnic groups reflecting on the use of social media in crises communication. The results indicate a “political effect” on this online crisis communication. This behaviour was not expected and has been underreported in the current body of knowledge.
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Manne Messemaker, Jeroen Wolbers, Willem Treurniet, & Kees Boersma. (2013). Shaping societal impact: Between control and cooperation. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 901–905). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: In our modem society, the impact of large-scale spfety and security incidents can be large and diverse. Yet. this societal impact is makeable and controllable to a limited extent. At best, the effect of concrete response actions is that the direct damage is somewhat reduced and that the recovery is accelerated. Proper crisis communication can make the biggest difference with respect to overall societal impact. We argue that crisis communication must strike a balance between a directive approach of chaos, command and control and a more empathic approach of continuity, coordination and cooperation. On the basis of a concrete case we analyze how crisis communication reflects the incident response approach and how societal impact is affected.
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Christian Neuhaus, Mario Hannappel, Daniela Giebel, & Sabine Färfers. (2012). Crisis management systems in Germany – A status report about the current functions and developments of private and public crisis managementsystems in Germany. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: Crisis management systems play a critical role in supporting responders and decision makers in their crisis and emergency management functions. Even though these systems and solutions have been broadly adopted in private and public organizations, very few quantitative studies can be found on their functions, user groups, targeted stakeholders, their technological requirements and their scope of services. The present study gives an outline of our ongoing project and an insight in the first results of a three-year study of crisis management systems in Germany. The study will outline the methods of our analysis and will present some results from an analysis of over more than 170 systems from over 70 vendor/developers. It will then give a conclusion of the results and outline open and future questions. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Christian Neuhaus. (2010). Using what is already there – Integrated Crisis Communication as a new approach in crisis management – Case study and suggestions. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Communication plays a vital part in today's crisis management. Communication-channels and information systems in crisis management are often used separately. Our case study suggests an Integrated Crisis Communication (ICC) approach, which integrates all available communication-channels and information systems in one stakeholder oriented approach. The basis of this article is a case study of a 2-year research project with one of Germany's largest energy providers. The article starts with outlining the need for a communication-oriented crisis management. It presents results and findings from our research and explicates the main functionality the prototype we developed. Open questions and future research questions are outlined at the end.
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Pestana, M. C., & Vieira, V. (2023). Crowdfunding analysis collaboration between citizens and response actors for Crisis Communication in Disaster Relief. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (p. 1083). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: In 2022, the global Emergency Event Database EM-DAT documented 387 occurrences of natural hazards and disasters, leading to the death of 30,704 individuals and impacting the lives of 185 million people. Crisis communication technology can help to support this scenario, providing appropriate support and efficient response to the affected Community. The communication between response actors, composed of professionals from operational centers, citizens, and affected communities should flow collaboratively. The population in the surrounding area where the event is provoked should be notified or may provide information for the response actors by means of some platform for crisis communication and anagement. Collaborative platforms for crisis communication are a research topic that is still under investigation. It is known that nowadays there are difficulties related to establishing effective crisis communication. The problems are related to delays in responses, conflicting information, diverse public opinion, bad resource allocation, and geographical mapping issues. In this scenario, a collaborative platform could be used as a model to serve as communication support. Collaborative computing, cooperation, location-based, disaster response, blockchain, and trust are the most related subjects to this area and represent an open field for future research. In this way, we started to research crowdfunding platform as a solution that can englobe all these features. About crowdfunding supported by govern, the research Lee et al. 2016 shows that: crowdfunding can offer an efficient mechanism to improve participatory budgeting and facilitate private–public collaboration while providing a high level of transparency in the budget decision process. Besides, the platform could allow the involvement of the population, for example in providing survival resources such as food, water, and medicines for disaster victims, medical assistance, and other critical services. For example, during a pandemic scenario, crowdfunding platforms assisted in augmenting traditional relief efforts. Besides, it is important to know insights into the needs of those affected communities Saleh et al. 2021. Crowdfunding platforms indicate to the governmental institutions which communities are affected and where the available funds can be directed. This Phd research proposal aims: • To study the factors that influence the success of the crowdfunding approach by applying techniques of sentiment analysis, geographical mapping, and duration of the campaign and collected amount. • To conduct a systematic review of guidelines for how to use crowdfunding to mobilize resources and support for the response effort. • To develop a case study of crowdfunding in the Brazilian context, compared with other scenarios, and how government can use crowdfunding to map and support the flood incidents in the Brazilian Northeast area. develop a model based on crowdfunding aiming to improve collaboration between response actors and citizens. Crowdfunding platforms show the progress of a campaign, helping to improve the transparency and accountability in the response effort. By making progress of the outcomes of the response effort visible to the public. Crowdfunding campaigns can serve as a community engagement and participation in the response effort. By involving the citizens in the response effort, government helps to build a sense of ownership and responsibility among the community.
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Pestana, M. C., Vieira, V., & Ribeiro, A. (2023). Crowdsourcing and collaboration for crisis communication: a systematic review. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (p. 1072). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Establishing collaborative communication in crisis solutions provides appropriate support and efficient response to the public when an emergency scenario appears. The public comprises a crowd of humans involved in their quotidian activities. Communication should flow collaboratively between operational centers, civils, and public institutions professionals. Crowdsourcing is a technique that supports communication between the diverse public by using people collaboration. This paper’s primary goal is to study the state-of-the-art regarding crowdsourcing and collaboration for crisis communication. A systematic literature review guided this study. As a result, 20 papers have been selected about solutions that support communication for crises in the last ten years. Findings reveal solutions whose requirements provide rapid emergency response, good coordination between the agents and the crowd, and trustful data passing through a validation process.
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Christian Reuter. (2013). Power outage communications: Survey of needs, infrastructures and concepts. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 884–889). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Crisis communication during power outages poses several challenges. Frist, the causes of power outages are often events such as severe weather, which also lead to complications. Second, power outages themselves lead to limitations in everyday life. Third, communication infrastructures, that are necessary for crisis communication, are often affected. This work focuses on the communication of the organizations responsible for recovery work (emergency services, public administration, energy network operators) to the public affected by the power outage. Therefore this paper investigates the perception and the information demands of citizens and communication infrastructures in different scenarios. Taking the users' needs into consideration, an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based concept for crisis communication, which combines general information with location-specific and setting-specific information was implemented as a prototype smartphone application and evaluated with 12 potential end users. ICT-based concepts can gain acceptance, however they should be understood as supplemental for some target groups and in some scenarios.
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Christian Reuter, Volkmar Pipek, & Claudia Mueller. (2009). Computer supported collaborative training in crisis communication management. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Crisis management requires stakeholders to not only show strategic, organisational preparedness for crisis events (e.g. by systematising and professionalizing coping work), but also to develop skills to deal with unanticipated events and other stakeholders involved in the same crisis. They should not only rely on established information flows and behaviour patterns, but should be able to deal with situational aspects. This usually involves communication work within and between organisations involved in crisis management. We describe the practice of the crisis communication training of a German electricity provider and the prototype we developed, implemented and evaluated. The collaborative training tool targets not only the local practice, but aims at inter-organisational trainings that would also allow improving the mutual understanding for communication practices and information needs of other stakeholders.
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Christian Reuter, Volkmar Pipek, Torben Wiedenhöefer, & Benedikt Ley. (2012). Dealing with terminologies in collaborative systemsfor crisis management. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: This paper presents approaches on how to deal with terminological ambiguities (different understandings of terms in heterogeneous groups of actors) in collaborative systems. First we will give some insight on the conceptual and theoretical foundation surrounding the 'triangle of reference', a model of how linguistic symbols are related to the objects they represent. Then we will describe the results of our exploratory empirical study, which was conducted in Germany, and dealt with inter-organisational crisis communication. Based on this, we will then deduce requirements necessary for supporting and dealing with terminologies, and propose technical approaches for collaborative systems. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Christian Reuter, Alexandra Marx, & Volkmar Pipek. (2011). Social software as an infrastructure for crisis management-A case study about current practice and potential usage. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: In this paper we will be discussing how the (semi-)professional actors involved in crisis management (police, fire-fighters, etc.) and the affected citizens can communicate and collaborate by the use of social software. After the definition of the term 'social software' we will provide the state-of-the-art on current social software use in crisis management. Drawing from this, we will present two case studies where we examined the social software use in 2010: First during the disruption of air travel due to the eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland, second during the crisis at a stampede at the Love Parade music festival in Germany. We identified weak points and further potentials and tested the validity of the American case study findings from literature for Europe. We will conclude with a concept for using citizens in inter-organizational crisis management with a social software infrastructure and a communication matrix for crisis management.
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Sofie Ivarsson. (2015). New method for evaluation of crisis communication in exercises ? involve the public. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: In 2014, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) carried out a comprehensive crisis communication multi-sector exercise. To evaluate communication in exercises there is a need for involving the public as they are the primary target group in most crises. Systematically involving the public in evaluation of exercises has only been done a few times in Sweden and there are no known international attempts. We therefore developed a method where a representative sample of 2 000 persons was drawn from the Swedish population register and invited to assess communication during the exercise. The so-called ?Public Network? finally consisted of 99 people who contributed extensively with 395 assessment questionnaires. This paper describes the method, the results and experiences. We encourage other organizations to involve the public in exercises for evaluation purposes. The results show that there is a willingness among the public to contribute to the development of crisis preparedness.
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Keri K. Stephens, & Jessica L. Ford. (2014). Banning mobile devices: Workplace policies that selectively exclude can shape crisis communication. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 279–283). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: There is a growing need to understand how mobile devices are used to reach people in a crisis. This study focuses on how work organizations play a gatekeeping role in how their employees receive crisis information. Relying on research in the digital divide and organizational justice, this study compares two different types of organizations and their policies banning or allowing mobile devices at work. Three major themes emerged: having omnipotent supervisors, being powerless workers, and experiencing information holes. These themes highlight the burden placed on organizations to create more inclusive digital policies to ensure that employees do not fall through the net of crisis management systems. Additionally, these findings necessitate new discussions among crisis and emergency management scholars that include the current understanding of the digital divide, specifically as it relates to digital inequality in the workplace.
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