João Porto de Albuquerque, Cidália C. Fonte, J.-P. de Almeida, & Alberto Cardoso. (2016). How Volunteered Geographic Information can be Integrated Into Emergency Management Practice? First Lessons Learned from an Urban Fire Simulation in the City of Coimbra. In A. Tapia, P. Antunes, V.A. Bañuls, K. Moore, & J. Porto (Eds.), ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings ? 13th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract: In the past few years, volunteered geographic information (VGI) has emerged as a new resource for improving the management of emergencies. Despite the growing body of research dedicated to the use of VGI in crisis management, studies are still needed that systematically investigate the incorporation of VGI into practical emergency management. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a research design for investigating and planning the incorporation of VGI into work practices and decision-making of emergency agencies by means of simulation exercises. Furthermore, first lessons are drawn from a field study performed within a simulation exercise of an urban fire in Coimbra, Portugal, implemented together with local civil protection agents. Emergency management practitioners identified a high potential in the pictures taken in-situ by volunteers for improving situational awareness and supporting decision-making. They also pointed out to challenges associated to processing VGI and filtering high-value information in real-time.
|
Joaquin Ramirez, Miguel Mendes, & Santiago Monedero. (2015). Enhanced forest fire risk assessment through the use of fire simulation models. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Forest fire risk assessment is an important task for forest fire management and planning. This paper presents current work on the definition and implementation of forest fire risk assessment models in the Wildfire AnalystTM software with the purpose of providing support and increased value in risk assessment. Three models are presented based on the concept of forest fire risk: forest fire structural hazard model that provides the assessment of the expected easiness that a fire has to spread in a certain area, a stochastic model that assesses the fire growth potential considering as potential ignition points critical elements of electric supply networks and a stochastic model that assesses the potential impact of forest fires on these infrastructures.
|
Björn J.E. Johansson, Jiri Trnka, & Rego Granlund. (2007). The effect of geographical information systems on a collaborative command and control task. In K. Nieuwenhuis P. B. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM 2007 Academic Proceedings Papers (pp. 191–200). Delft: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper tests the claimed benefits of using geographical information systems (GIS) in emergency response operations. An experimental study comparing command teams using GIS and paper-based maps is presented. The study utilized a combined approach using microworld simulations together with physical artefacts. Participants in the experiment took the role of command teams, facing the task of extinguishing a simulated forest fire. A total of 132 persons, forming 22 teams, participated in the study. In eleven of the teams, the participants were given access to GIS with positioning of fire-brigades as well as sensor data about the fire outbreak. In the other eleven teams, the participants were using paper-based maps. The result shows that teams using GIS performed significantly better than teams with paper-based maps in terms of saved area. Communication volume was considerably reduced in the case of GIS teams. Implications of these results on GIS are discussed as well as methodological considerations for future research.
|
Katelynn Amaris Kapalo, Pamela Wisniewski, & Joseph J. LaViola Jr. (2019). First In, Left Out : Current Technological Limitations from the Perspective of Fire Engine Companies. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: The cognitive demands and skills required of a fire engine company when assessing the scene of an incident and
the systems they use to manage this information are a matter of life or death. We conducted a case study with an
entire fire battalion in Florida (35 firefighters at varying levels of command) to assess their routine technology
needs. Using a cognitive work analysis approach, we found that the firefighters in our study relied on mission
critical systems that often failed, as well as disparate secondary systems that lacked integration. Capability gaps
and inaccessible data also increased the likelihood of errors, creating frustration in the systems that both helped
and hindered these firefighters in their daily job tasks. We describe what firefighters need from technology in its
present state and we outline usability issues for technology designers and practitioners to leverage in the design
of future systems.
|
Katelynn Kapalo, Kevin Pfeil, Joseph Bonnell, & Joseph LaViola. (2022). Evaluating the Impact of 2D vs. 3D Building Plans for Fireground Incident Command Decision-Making. In Rob Grace, & Hossein Baharmand (Eds.), ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 824–835). Tarbes, France.
Abstract: Building construction and building layout represent two key critical pieces of information for a fire suppression operation. However, fireground incident commanders (FGCs) frequently do not have access to critical, updated information about a structure, including details that could potentially support more effective response. This gap in the information pipeline has led to significant injuries and fatalities for both civilians and first responders. Towards this end, this paper focuses on evaluating the efficacy of a user interface prototype for supporting decision-making during a simulated commercial structure fire. Sixty-four firefighters (n = 64) from North America participated in this study. Overall, there were no statistical differences in the performance of the firefighters between the two experimental conditions (2D vs. 3D). This study provides preliminary support for the use of 3D models in pre-incident planning practices. More importantly, this initial data serves as a baseline for the development of evidence-based standards for displaying pre-incident planning information to FGCs digitally.
|
Katrina Petersen. (2015). Visualizing Risk: making sense of collaborative disaster mapping. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between collaborative disaster mapping and conceptions of risk. It looks at improvised mapmaking during the 2007 wildfires in Southern California to identify and analyze social and technological issues in creating a shared understanding through collaboration. By comparing and contrasting two different, yet intertwined, mapping practices this paper focuses on how the distribution of social and technological actors change how risk, threat, and uncertainty are approached. One, more centralized mapmaking collaboration produced risks related to managing authority and security. The other, more distributed collaboration, produced risks related to public trust and safety. This paper argues that map-making is characterized as a messy, distributed network of knowledge production in which the meaning of risk emerges through the unplanned collaborations that evolve as those involved work to make sense of the wildfires, not as an a-priori definition.
|
Kevin Wesendrup, Nicola Rupp, Adam Widera, & Bernd Hellingrath. (2019). Challenges and Trends of Data Management for Firefighting in Germany and the Netherlands. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: For successful firefighting, information is key. In this work, a general overview of the current challenges and
trends of data management for firefighting in Germany and the Netherlands are examined. This was accomplished
by conducting a literature review to find out the current state-of-the-art in research. The results of the literature
review are then compared with expert sentiments and gaps between research and practice are revealed. Through
the review, six challenge categories are identified: cartographic data harmonization, IS standardization,
information gathering from unstructured data, canonical bodies of knowledge, and data-driven firefighting
support. The challenges and trends are discussed in the context of Germany and the Netherlands and significant
differences are presented. Lastly, the gaps between research and practice are thoroughly analyzed and potentials
for future work revealed.
|
Jonas Landgren. (2004). Fire crew enroute sensemaking in emergency response. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 87–92). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Reconstruction of major emergencies and crisis as well as observations of large-scale emergency exercises are common approaches for studying and understanding various actors work practice in emergency response. Studies of small-scale emergencies using an ethnographic approach are less common. This paper presents data from a single small-scale emergency as part of an extensive ethnographical field study. A detailed analysis of fire crew enroute sensemaking in a single small-scale emergency is outlined. The theory of sensemaking is applied as an analytical lens aiming to explain the communication between the command centre operator and the fire crew in terms of sensemaking. Further, implications for re-design of existing systems and infrastructure are presented as well as brief reflections of the consequences of such re-design. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004.
|
Jonas Landgren. (2011). Critical aspects of early-phase response work and its consequences for digital event-log systems. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper reports from a study focusing on documentation practice in emergency and crisis response work. Specific focus is put on how information is produced and used in the time-critical setting of a situation room part of a command center at a local fire and rescue services. The study uncovers critical aspects of early-phase response work and its potential consequences for digital event-log systems for supporting documentation and reporting. The findings show that fundamental and important information are produced outside of the formal event-log based documentation systems and not as an embedded and integrated activity of using these systems. The analysis shows existing information technology in use lack important functionality in order to contribute to an event-log based system design as suggested in the DERMIS-framework.
|
Lyuba Mancheva, Adam Carole, & Dugdale Julie. (2019). Multi-agent geospatial simulation of human interactions and behaviour in bushfires. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Understanding human behaviour and interactions in risk situations may help to improve crisis management
strategies in order to avoid the worst scenarios. In this paper we present a geospatial agent-based model and
simulation of human behaviour in bushfires. We have modelled the social interactions between different actors
involved in bushfires such as firefighter, police, emergency centre managers and civilians. We use the Belief,
Desire and Intention (BDI) architecture to model realistic human behaviour, and the FIPA-ACL standard to
model the communications. We use geospatial data to represent the environment in a realistic way. We show
how the model has been implemented and how we have unified the communications model and the BDI
architecture. Finally, we compare the processing time of two implementations of our model representing a 2D
simple and a 3D GIS environment.
|
Maël Arnaud, Carole Adam, & Julie Dugdale. (2017). The role of cognitive biases in reactions to bushfires. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 85–96). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: Human behaviour is influenced by many psychological factors such as emotions, whose role is already widely recognised. Another important factor, and all the more so during disasters where time pressure and stress constrain reasoning, are cognitive biases. In this paper, we present a short overview of the literature on cognitive biases and show how some of these biases are relevant in a particular disaster, the 2009 bushfires in the South-East of Australia. We provide a preliminary formalisation of these cognitive biases in BDI (beliefs, desires, intentions) agents, with the goal of integrating such agents into agent-based models to get more realistic behaviour. We argue that taking such “irrational” behaviours into account in simulation is crucial in order to produce valid results that can be used by emergency managers to better understand the behaviour of the population in future bushfires.
|
Maude Arru, Brice Mayag, & Elsa Negre. (2016). Early-Warning System Perception: a Study on Fire Safety. In A. Tapia, P. Antunes, V.A. Bañuls, K. Moore, & J. Porto (Eds.), ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings ? 13th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract: Warnings can help prevent damage and harm if they are issued timely and provide information helping responders and population to adequately prepare for the disaster to come. Today, there are many indicator and sensor systems that are designed to reduce disaster risks, or issue early warnings. In this paper we analyze the perception that people have from security management systems and we propose an indicator to measure Early-Warning System perception for people-oriented decision support. To illustrate our approach, we present a study of the fire safety system in our University.
|
Graeme McFerren, & Philip Frost. (2009). The Southern African advanced fire information system. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper concerns the development of the South African Advanced Fire Information System (AFIS). We describe a use case of wildfires causing electricity transmission lines to be adversely affected. This use case provided the rationale for investment into a system for detecting and monitoring wildfires. AFIS functionality is described and we quantify its user acceptance and benefits before discussing ongoing research and implementation efforts to allow AFIS to become a standards-compliant, service-oriented system serving the original use case but re-deployable or re-usable by other organisations for similar or alternative purposes. We end with a view of future work that will potentially allow AFIS to reach a wider audience.
|
Mehdi Ben Lazreg, Jaziar Radianti, & Ole-Christoffer Granmo. (2015). SmartRescue: Architecture for Fire Crisis Assessment and Prediction. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: In case of indoor fire hazards, firefighters face difficulties at assessing the fire situation and evacuating trapped victim inside the building, especially when the fire is big, and the building is unknown to them. On the other hand, modern sensor technologies in smartphone are becoming more advanced, widespread, and can be exploited for helping the firefighting operation. This paper proposes using smartphones as a distributed sensing and computing platform, for supporting firefighters to conduct their mission. The developed solution is based on collecting sensor data from smartphones. A Bayesian network then uses this data to generate a picture of the fire and predict its development. The additional indoor positioning feature make this proposed solution a promising tool to make the firefighter intervention more efficient and fast in order to save more lives.
|
Mojir, K. Y., Maceviciute, E., Olson, N., Gatial, E., & Balogh, Z. (2023). Citizen Engagement in wildfire management: needs, challenges, methods and framework. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 761–772). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: With climate change, the frequency and spread of wildfires have intensified globally, bearing disastrous impacts on wildlife, the economy, and human well-being. Efforts on broad fronts are required, including proactive public participation. However, studies related to citizen engagement in the context of wildfire management remain limited. Therefore, there is a need for further studies in this area. This paper reports on ongoing work conducted in the context of an H2020 project called SILVANUS. The study investigates the methods, practices, needs and challenges related to citizen engagement in wildfire management. The authors have developed a tentative citizen engagement framework, and preliminary results related to citizens' needs and challenges are presented. The study identifies relevant topics, training contents, and methods that can be used for public engagement in wildfire management. The paper contributes towards designing future engagement modalities, technologies and training materials related to wildfire management and potentially even other crises.
|
Jose M. Nadal-Serrano. (2010). Towards very simple, yet effective on-the-go incident response preplanning: Using publicly-available GIS to improve firefighters' traditional approach. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Incident response preplanning has an increasing importance in today's Fire Brigades incident response. This paper presents some concepts that could be easily applied, supplying the firefighters with a simple, yet reliable tool that can be configured to include data available at the time of resource activation. This early information and the route map to the incident can be of big help for firefighters if presented in a convenient way. Offline (paper) backup solutions and the need for APIs that may be used to exploit geographic data are also discussed. Finally, a proof of concept setup is developed using GoogleMaps[TM] for the case of the City of Madrid, Spain.
|
Nguyen Bang Tran, Mihai Tanase, Lauren Bennett, & Cristina Aponte. (2018). Evaluation of spectral indices for assessing fire severity in Victorian temperate forests, Australia. In Kristin Stock, & Deborah Bunker (Eds.), Proceedings of ISCRAM Asia Pacific 2018: Innovating for Resilience – 1st International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Asia Pacific. (pp. 213–222). Albany, Auckland, New Zealand: Massey Univeristy.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Victorian temperate forests, characterized by variable wildfire response traits, such an analysis is missing hindering fire impact estimation over large areas on operational basis. To close this gap, we have evaluated 10 remotely sensed indices across eight areas affected by wildfires in 1998, 2006, 2007, and 2009 which comprise 13 forest types. The analysis was carried out at forest type level and as a function of the regeneration strategies (seeders, basal and epicormic reporters) and structure (tree height and canopy cover) with the six forest groups. Index performance was evaluated by (i) examining index response across four fire severity levels, (ii) the separability index, and (iii) the optimality values analysis. A ranking scoring system was used to compare the index performance to distinguish among severity classes. Initial results demonstrated that there hasn't been a consistency of the best indices capacity but there a consistently worse index among forest groups.
|
Nicky van Oorschot, & Bart van Leeuwen. (2017). Intelligent fire risk monitor based on Linked Open Data. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 294–306). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: Every day the Fire department of the Netherlands work hard to save people's lives. Therefore, they have been investing in Business Intelligence approaches for several years, to get more information for accident prevention and accident fighting. In this paper, Linked Open Data has been used as a business intelligence approach for the creation of dwelling fire risk profiles based on demographic data. During the research a Proof of Concept showed the appliance of Linked Open Data for this purpose. However the data have some quality mismatches, such as: outdated, accuracy issues and not 100% complete. Evaluation session proofed that the outcomes show similarities with a fire incident map and the gut feeling of several firefighters.
|
Christine Owen, Jan Douglas, & Gregory Hickey. (2008). Information flow and teamwork in Incident Control Centers. In B. V. de W. F. Fiedrich (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 742–751). Washington, DC: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper reports research in progress into a study of information flow and teamwork in Incident Management Teams (IMTs) in Australia. The research project, funded by the Bushfire Co-operative Research Centre. The overall research design includes interviews with experienced personnel, observations of real-time incidents and training simulations and a national questionnaire of incident management practices. Data reported in this conference session will focus on a sample of observation data conducted in two training simulations of a wildfire incident. Observations were video recorded and key IMT members wore lapel microphones. Video data has been coded for use of artifacts (e.g., maps, status boards) and room movement. Audio data has been coded for by the quantity and quality of interactions within and between IMT functions. The presentation aims to contribute to an understanding of what enables and constrains effective teamwork and information flow within Incident Control Centers (ICCs) in Australia.
|
Parvaneh Sarshar, Jaziar Radianti, & Jose J. Gonzalez. (2015). On the Impacts of Utilizing Smartphones on Organizing Rescue Teams and Evacuation Procedures. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: A serious fire game with two different scenarios for the search and rescue (SAR) operation was designed and played. In the first scenario, the SAR operation was performed without any smartphone app assistance, while in the second scenario, our recently developed smartphone app was employed to carry out the evacuation. In this paper, the effects of utilizing this app on organizing firefighting teams, performance of the firefighters, and the evacuation procedure are studied. The results collected from a post-game questionnaire, which was answered by the players of the firefighter role, are analyzed, turning out that the employment of the smartphone app is not only preferable and effective, but also user-friendly. It is also shown that a semi-centralized firefighting organizational model suits the second scenario, whereas a decentralized one is typically used in other scenarios, such as the first one.
|
Pettersson, M. N., Axelsson, J., Svenson, P., & Johansson, A. (2023). Towards a Risk Analysis Method for Systems of Systems: A Case Study on Wildfire Rescue Operations. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 530–545). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Crisis management (CM) is facing new challenges due to the increasing complexity of contemporary society. To mitigate a crisis, it is often necessary for a collection of independent systems, people, and organizations to cooperate. These collaborating entities constitute an interconnected socio-technical system of systems (SoS). An important question is how a CM SoS should be constructed to minimize the risk of failure and accurately handle a crisis. SoS pose new challenges in analysing risk during interactions. This paper investigates whether the risk analysis method STAMP (System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) is suitable for SoS, using a forest fire rescue operation case study. Results show characteristics of various risk sources and identify some SoS characteristics, such as dynamic structure and latent risks, that are not sufficiently handled in STAMP. The study further contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting potential directions for research on SoS risk assessment methods.
|
Jens Pottebaum, Anna Maria Japs, Stephan Prödel, & Rainer Koch. (2010). Design and modeling of a domain ontology for fire protection. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: The semantics of things represent the central problem of the heterogeneous domain of emergency response. Both the communication between human actors and the interface between information systems face this hurdle with high impact on the efficiency in mission and time critical command and control processes. The integration of applications and information sharing based on semantic technologies promise added value for a solution to this problem. Therefore a model of the domain is essential; this paper contributes a domain ontology for fire protection. The scientific discussion as well as expert interviews built the basis for a new modeling approach. The selection of ontology languages is one of the important design issues presented in this paper.
|
Stephen Potter, & Gerhard Wickler. (2008). Model-based query systems for emergency response. In B. V. de W. F. Fiedrich (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 495–503). Washington, DC: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: In this paper we describe the approach adopted and experiences gained during a project to develop a general architecture that aims to harness advanced sensor, modelling and Grid technologies to assist emergency responders in tackling emergencies (specifically fire emergencies). Here we focus on the command and control aspects of this architecture, and in particular, on a query-based approach that has been adopted to allow end users to interact with available models of physical and other phenomena. The development of this has provided a number of insights about the use of such models, which along with the approach itself, should be of interest to any considering similar applications.
|
Raj Prasanna, Lili Yang, & Malcolm King. (2009). GDIA: A cognitive task analysis protocol to capture the information requirements of emergency first responders. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: As a partial requirement of the development of an information system for the UK fire and rescue services, this paper describes the development and application of a protocol capable of capturing the information requirements of fire and rescue first responders. After evaluating the existing techniques commonly used in difficult decision-making environments, a Goal Directed Information Analysis (GDIA) protocol is proposed. The clearly defined, repeatable steps of GDIA make it a requirements-gathering protocol which can be easily administered by an investigator without any prior knowledge or experience of the tool. This makes GDIA one of the very few information requirements-gathering protocols capable of capturing the requirements of the emergency-related domains.
|
Raj Prasanna, Lili Yang, & Malcolm King. (2011). Evaluation of a software prototype for supporting fire emergency response. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Despite recent work on information systems, many first responders in the UK Fire and Rescue Services (FRSs) are unable to develop sufficient understanding of the situation to enable them to make good decisions. As a partial requirement of the development of information system for the UK fire and rescue services, a software prototype consisting of a number of human computer interfaces are developed and subsequently evaluated to explore how to present useful information for firefighters during their response operations. This paper exclusively discusses the findings arising from end-user demonstration sessions conducted via participative type of prototype evaluation which is aimed to understand the appropriateness and usefulness of the proposed software prototype. This paper contributes to improve the designing of the human computer interfaces and human computer interaction for supporting fire fighters during fire emergency response.
|