Zeleskidis, A., Chalarampidou, S., Dokas, I. M., & Torra, F. (2023). COBOT Safety Awareness: A RealTSL Demonstration in a Simulated System. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 874–891). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: This work aims to propose the RealTSL methodology to empower collaborative robotic systems with self-safety awareness capability and address the methodology's limitation in determining time ranges for the unsafe system state transitions, which are inputs of the methodology. The COBOT system used in this paper to demonstrate RealTSL is an automated scissor lift robot to be used by first responders for “work at height,” simulated in Simulink™. The demonstration begins by 1) applying STPA to the system, 2) applying Early Warning Sign Analysis based on STAMP (EWaSAP), 3) creating an acyclic diagram that depicts system state transitions towards unsafe states, 4) incorporating the appropriate sensory equipment in the simulation, 5) simulating the system's operation for different scenarios using fault injection and finally 6) use information from the simulations to complete the RealTSL analysis and calculate the safety level of the system in real-time during its simulated operation.
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Morand, O., Safin, S., Larribau, R., Rizza, C., & Robert. (2023). Using Photography as a Trace of Activity to Facilitate the Retention of Emergency Response Actions. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 773–783). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: The chances of survival of a victim of cardiac arrest or stroke decrease considerably without rapid intervention. Bystanders, the first people able to intervene, are however few to act. This ignorance of the seriousness signs of the pathologies, and of the importance of acting, combined with a feeling of incapacity to perform emergency gestures, are the main reasons for this low level of action. The absence of knowledge originates both from a lack of training and from forgetting training courses. To overcome this problem, some trainings propose high fidelity simulation devices associated with a debriefing to create a strong emotional impact leading to a stronger memory impact. To assess the impact of this type of simulation, we set up a Living Lab including a high fidelity simulation of emergency situations (with citizens, dispatchers, first responders and paramedics), a debriefing and a method to create a “trace of activity”, still aiming at generating a higher memory impact. To measure the effects of the Living Lab, we analyzed the emotional impacts evoked by the participants, categorized the learning and finally studied the creation of the activity trace. The results show that the Living-Lab elicits emotions (for the cardiac arrest scenario) and projections (for the stroke scenario) and can therefore potentially improve the retention. The learnings were of several natures: individual and practical learnings on emergency management, learnings on collaboration within the chain of survival and theoretical learnings. Analysis of the retained learning after 2 to 8 months is in progress, therefore no results are available yet.
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Lindhagen, A., Björnqvist, A., & Berggren, P. (2023). Supporting Instructors in Conducting Exercises. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 721–731). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Planning, designing, facilitating, and evaluating are central activities for instructors when conducting exercises. When conducting these activities, instructors usually rely on past experiences since structured educations or guides for instructors do not exist. It is therefore evident that there is a need for such educations or guides. In this study, the contents of a guide for instructors are proposed. The contents are based on seven semi-structured interviews with novel and experienced instructors, where they were asked to map their procedures for conducting exercises through a journey map. The interviews resulted in material which was transcribed and analysed using a thematic analysis. The thematic analysis emphasized five themes to consider when acting as an instructor, namely roles, realism, defining purpose and goals, learning, and planning and acting. The results from the interviews, combined with past literature, resulted in proposed contents for an instructor’s guide which is currently being developed.
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Stensrud, R., & Valaker, S. (2023). Methods to meet changes in the security environment a proposal of qualitative and quantitative assessment attributes for coordination performance. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 676–691). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: The use of methods to inform changes of command and control has long been important, in particular through empirical surveys and computational simulation. In this article, we focus on a particular type of control: “bump less” time-shift of authority during emergency response where it is not desirable to interrupt task resolution (Dess et al.,1984). As an example we address a particular type of control in a sociotechnical use case, i.e. ensuring coordinated action among human and non-human entities, and specifically use as a case shift of who ensures coordinated action when what entities are participating fluctuate over time, yet there is a need to sustain coordination (e.g. due to criticality of sustained performance). We do some work to detail a sociotechnical control mechanism and we present methods for examining the influence such control may have on performing both planned, prescribed, organizational task work as well as dynamic, non-prescribed tasks (Stanton et al., 2018). We argue that measures of high fidelity, with high specificity, defined before task resolution (feedforward) may be particularly important in prescribed change due to the possibility to define clear goals for coordinating and detailing who holds coordination authority. For dynamic change, on the other hand supporting technology that enable a sensing and processing of feedback the number of agents/entities undergoing change is not predetermined and the change of who is best suited to coordinate authority is less clear. Our theorizing is illustrated by using traditional linear control theory emulating shift of control nuanced by an emergency use case. In conclusion, we suggest future directions for research as well as practical implications.
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Abdelgawad, A. A. (2023). An Updated System Dynamics Model for Analysing the Cascading Effects of Critical Infrastructure Failures. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 595–608). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Aiming at examining the cascading effects of the failure of Critical Infrastructure (CI), this work-in-progress research introduces an improved System Dynamics model. We represent an improvement over the previous models aimed at studying CIs interdependencies and their cascading effects. Our model builds on earlier models and corrects their flaws. In addition to introducing structural enhancements, the improvements include using unpublished data, a fresh look at a previously collected dataset and employing a new data processing to address and resolve some longstanding issues. The dataset was fed to an optimisation model to produce a new dataset used in our model. The structure of our SD model, its dataset and the data processing techniques we employed to create this dataset are all described in the study. Although the model has passed the fundamental validation criteria, more validation testing and scenario exploration are yet to be conducted.
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