Pettersson, M. N., Axelsson, J., Svenson, P., & Johansson, A. (2023). Towards a Risk Analysis Method for Systems of Systems: A Case Study on Wildfire Rescue Operations. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 530–545). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Crisis management (CM) is facing new challenges due to the increasing complexity of contemporary society. To mitigate a crisis, it is often necessary for a collection of independent systems, people, and organizations to cooperate. These collaborating entities constitute an interconnected socio-technical system of systems (SoS). An important question is how a CM SoS should be constructed to minimize the risk of failure and accurately handle a crisis. SoS pose new challenges in analysing risk during interactions. This paper investigates whether the risk analysis method STAMP (System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) is suitable for SoS, using a forest fire rescue operation case study. Results show characteristics of various risk sources and identify some SoS characteristics, such as dynamic structure and latent risks, that are not sufficiently handled in STAMP. The study further contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting potential directions for research on SoS risk assessment methods.
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Dick Ooms, Willem-Jan van den Heuvel, & Bartel Van de Walle. (2018). A Conceptual Framework for Civil-Military Interaction in Peace Support Operations. In Kees Boersma, & Brian Tomaszeski (Eds.), ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings – 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 1003–1015). Rochester, NY (USA): Rochester Institute of Technology.
Abstract: In complex emergencies, civil and military organizations often find themselves being partners in an international effort aimed at peace keeping, humanitarian relief, and development support. Civil and military partners need to exchange information and to cooperate as required. This assumes effective and efficient Civil-Military Interaction (CMI). However, CMI research literature shows that, in practice, this is far from a reality. In particular, our research indicates that deficiencies in knowledge processes and knowledge management within international civil and military organizations contribute to the causes of ineffective and inefficient CMI. Our research aims to investigate the feasibility of developing technical solutions exploiting knowledge engineering, to support fieldworkers in overcoming these CMI problems. As a first step, this paper introduces a Conceptual Framework (CF) that captures reference models of the CMI domain. The CF has been developed to analyze CMI problems and underlying KM deficiencies. It is being illustrated, explored and validated using real-world case studies.
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Rafael de Sousa Ferreira Costa, Tharcisio Cotta Fontainha, Adriana Leiras, Hugo Tsugunobu Yoshida Yoshizaki, Paulo Gonçalves, & Abdon Baptista de Paula Filho. (2017). IT infrastructure at the Rio de Janeiro City Operations Center – the case of 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 739–751). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: Rio Operations Center (COR) was the agency of Rio de Janeiro Prefecture responsible for monitoring the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games operations, due to its role in the integrated management of the city operations. This paper presents a case study considering a brief theoretical reference and data collected through direct observations, interviews, internal documents and access to the systems and software used by COR. The analysis of the COR IT infrastructure and monitoring teams' preparation for the Olympics revealed a successful development of new teams and conflict solving practice. Despite the use of different sources of information and the development of specific systems for the event, the COR preparation faced some restrictions in analytical functions, security and integration among systems. Nevertheless, regionalization for monitoring and inter-agency coordination, cross-agency instant messaging, and a team for active monitoring of social media emerged as new practices, representing opening venues for future research.
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Susanne Kubisch, Johanna Stötzer, Sina Keller, María Bull, & Andreas Braun. (2019). Combining a social science approach and GIS-based simulation to analyse evacuation in natural disasters: A case study in the Chilean community of Talcahuano. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: In rapid-onset disasters the time needed for evacuation is crucial. Aside from the behaviour of the population, the
road network plays a fundamental role. It serves as a medium to reach a safe area. This study analyses the entire
evacuation process, from decision-making up to the arrival at an evacuation zone by combining standardised
questionnaires and GIS-based simulation. Based on a case study in the Chilean community of Talcahuano, an
event-based past scenario and a hypothetical future scenario is investigated, integrating the affected population in
the research process. The main problem identified in past evacuations has been time delay due to congestions,
which also is evident in the results of the hypothetical future scenario. A result which supports evacuation by foot.
This paper argues that a combination of scientific methods is essential for analysing evacuation and to reduce the
risk due to time delay, critical route and transport medium choice.
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Katelynn Amaris Kapalo, Pamela Wisniewski, & Joseph J. LaViola Jr. (2019). First In, Left Out : Current Technological Limitations from the Perspective of Fire Engine Companies. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: The cognitive demands and skills required of a fire engine company when assessing the scene of an incident and
the systems they use to manage this information are a matter of life or death. We conducted a case study with an
entire fire battalion in Florida (35 firefighters at varying levels of command) to assess their routine technology
needs. Using a cognitive work analysis approach, we found that the firefighters in our study relied on mission
critical systems that often failed, as well as disparate secondary systems that lacked integration. Capability gaps
and inaccessible data also increased the likelihood of errors, creating frustration in the systems that both helped
and hindered these firefighters in their daily job tasks. We describe what firefighters need from technology in its
present state and we outline usability issues for technology designers and practitioners to leverage in the design
of future systems.
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