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Author |
Guruprasad Airy; Tracy Mullen; John Yen |
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Title |
Market based adaptive resource allocation for distributed rescue teams |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2009 |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Information systems; Planning; Adaptive resource allocations; Combinatorial auction; Limited information; Multi agent; Multi-agent planning; Resource assignment; Resource requirements; System's performance; Resource allocation |
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Abstract |
The dynamic nature of real-world rescue scenarios (e.g., military, emergency first response, hurricane relief) requires constant reevaluation of resource assignments. New events can trigger additional resource requirements generating conflicts about how to reassign resources across tasks in an emerging crisis. Reallocation is further complicated as some resources are synergistic (i.e., helicopter and pilot) and many distributed rescue teams have limited information about other teams' status. We show how integrating a team-based multi-agent planning system with standard combinatorial auction methods to dynamically re-allocate resources can maximize overall rescue utility while providing for graceful managed degradation under conditions of extreme stress. The key innovation of our approach is that we explicitly provide a framework that incorporates the costs involved in dynamically switching resources from one task to another. We compare our system's performance against two other approaches. |
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Address |
Pennsylvania State University, United States |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Gothenburg |
Editor |
J. Landgren, S. Jul |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
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Series Volume |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9789163347153 |
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Track |
Intelligent Systems |
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Conference |
6th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Approved |
no |
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Serial |
259 |
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Author |
Bo Andersson; Jonas Hedman |
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Title |
Issues in the development of a mobile based communication platform for the swedish police force and appointed security guards |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2006 |
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Issue |
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Pages |
181-187 |
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Keywords |
Cellular telephones; Civil defense; Disasters; E-learning; Law enforcement; Management information systems; Mobile phones; Risk management; Standards; Communication platforms; Emergency management; Information systems development; Learning experiences; Legal requirements; Mobile-based; Multimedia messages; National standard; Interoperability |
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Abstract |
This paper presents the learning experiences from the development of a mobile-based communication platform, called OrdningsVaktsCentralen (OVC). OVC can be translated to Security Guard Central. OVC is designed to enable the Swedish Police Force (SPF) to comply with new legal requirements and enhance their collaboration with Appointed Security Guards (ASG). The focus of this paper is on the early phases of development; in particular on the specific technical issues such as interoperability and standards used in the development of mobile based systems. The learning experiences are as follows: firstly, when developing mobile based systems we suggest and recommend that the analysis phase should be enhanced and it should address the interoperability between mobile phones on one hand and operators on the other hand. Secondly, global and national standards, such as the MMS7 for sending multi-media messages, are not always standardized. It seems that operators and mobile phone manufacturers make minor alterations and interpretations of the standard and thereby some of the benefits found in standards disappear. Thirdly, mobile based communication platforms have a large potential for contributing to the field of emergency management information systems since they can be based on open and nationally accepted standards. |
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Department of Informatics, School of Management, Lund University, Sweden |
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Publisher |
Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium |
Place of Publication |
Newark, NJ |
Editor |
B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9090206019; 9789090206011 |
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Track |
COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES IN EMERGENCY RESPONSE |
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Conference |
3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
265 |
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Author |
Ummul Khair Israt Ara; Fang Chen |
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Title |
Information security in crisis management system |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2012 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Disasters; Expert systems; Information systems; Interoperability; Management information systems; Security of data; Crisis management; Crisis management systems; Crisis situations; Medical emergency; Security components; Security requirements; Strong securities; Terrorist attacks; Information management |
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Abstract |
Information security is an important part of almost any kind of Information System. Crisis Management Systems (CMS) are a type of Information System that deals with information which needs to be secure. No matter what kind of crisis, natural disasters, man-made crisis or terrorist attacks, the CMS security should not be compromised. There are many challenges regarding exchange of qualified information and interoperability between various Expert Systems and the CMS. It is important to have strong security in terms of technology, skills, security requirements, sensitivity of information and trust-worthiness (Vural, Ciftcibasi and Inan, 2010). Depending on the type of crisis situation, different sets of security components should be triggered, since the security requirements vary between situations. For example, a terrorist attack has different security requirements in the system compared to a natural disaster or a medical emergency. In this paper, the importance of Information Security in CMS will be discussed. Methods for secure exchange of qualified information are analyzed and a secure and dynamic Crisis Management Information Security System (CMISS) design is introduced. © 2012 ISCRAM. |
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Publisher |
Simon Fraser University |
Place of Publication |
Vancouver, BC |
Editor |
L. Rothkrantz, J. Ristvej, Z.Franco |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9780864913326 |
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Track |
Poster Session |
Expedition |
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Conference |
9th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
76 |
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Author |
Bruna Diirr; Vânia de Oliveira Neves; Marcus Vinícius Vasconcelos de Almeida Cunha; Ana Beatriz Kapps dos Reis; Jairo Francisco de Souza |
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Title |
Software Requirements for Disaster Management Systems |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
Iscram 2021 |
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Pages |
1042-1054 |
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Keywords |
Software Requirements, Systematic Literature Mapping, Repository Mining, Disaster Management Systems |
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Abstract |
Disasters are a major global problem and a serious threat to sustainable development. In this context, the development of disaster management systems becomes a complex activity, both due to the unpredictability of the events to be treated and the difficulty in extracting or identifying these systems users' needs (requirements). This study aims to understand the requirements usually elicited for disaster management systems and how such requirements are identified. Thus, a systematic mapping of literature (SM) and an open-source repository mining (RM) were performed. Results bring benefits both to academics and practitioners, as detail several characteristics of disaster management systems that could assist these systems development and decision-making, besides providing inputs to guide further research. |
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Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Federal University of Juiz de Fora |
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Publisher |
Virginia Tech |
Place of Publication |
Blacksburg, VA (USA) |
Editor |
Anouck Adrot; Rob Grace; Kathleen Moore; Christopher W. Zobel |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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ISSN |
978-1-949373-61-5 |
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Other |
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Conference |
18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
bruna.diirr@uniriotec.br |
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no |
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Call Number |
ISCRAM @ idladmin @ |
Serial |
2395 |
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Author |
Catherine Lowry Campbell; Fadi Deek; Murray Turoff; Bartel A. Van De Walle |
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Title |
Measuring consensus and conflict among stakeholders in emergency response information system requirements negotiations |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2004 |
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Issue |
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Pages |
121-126 |
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Keywords |
Information systems; Requirements engineering; Asynchronous negotiations; Emergency Response Information Systems; Preference models; Software requirements; Stakeholder preferences; Emergency services |
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Abstract |
This paper introduces the experimental design we developed for the analysis of asynchronous negotiations among five different stakeholders as they work towards consensus on the functional system requirements that are needed for a common emergency response information system. We present three analytical preference models to measure the evolving consensus and conflict among the stakeholders as they modify their preferences during the negotiation. We illustrate the use of these techniques for obtaining a detailed understanding of the negotiation dynamics among the stakeholders. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004. |
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Address |
Information Systems Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark NJ, United States; Department of Information Systems and Management, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands |
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Publisher |
Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium |
Place of Publication |
Brussels |
Editor |
B. Van de Walle, B. Carle |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9076971080 |
Medium |
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Track |
Emergency Response Stakeholders and Cooperation |
Expedition |
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Conference |
1st International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
87 |
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Author |
Catherine Lowry Campbell; Bartel A. Van De Walle; Fadi P. Deek |
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Title |
Asynchronous negotiation and collaboration of software requirements for an emergency response information system: An empirical investigation |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proceedings of ISCRAM 2005 – 2nd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2005 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
5-11 |
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Keywords |
Groupware; Information systems; Requirements engineering; Software engineering; Asynchronous communication; Collaborative softwares; Emergency Response Information Systems; Negotiation support; Software requirements; Emergency services |
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Abstract |
Negotiation and collaboration during the requirements stage of the software engineering process are fundamental to developing successful software products. Groups of stakeholders work together to come to agreement on the most important requirements to be sent forward for implementation. Distributed software engineering is becoming the norm rather than the exception, yet the requirements elicitation and definition process is normally conducted face to face. This paper describes an empirical study to investigate the relationship between structured task and specified negotiation steps within an asynchronous environment. The results reveal that these structures can have a positive impact on solution quality but a negative impact on process satisfaction, although following a negotiation sequence and task structure can help asynchronous groups come to agreement faster. Details of the experimental procedures, statistical analysis, and discussion of the results of the experiment are presented, as are suggestions for improving this work and a plan for future research. |
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Address |
New Jersey Institute of Technology, United States; Tilburg University, Netherlands |
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Publisher |
Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium |
Place of Publication |
Brussels |
Editor |
B. Van de Walle, B. Carle |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9076971099 |
Medium |
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Track |
INFORMATION SYSTEMS DESIGN |
Expedition |
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Conference |
2nd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
364 |
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Author |
Rui Chen; Thirumurugan Thiyagarajan; Raghav H. Rao; JinKyu LeeK. |
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Title |
Design of a FOSS system for flood disaster management |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2010 |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Design; Disaster prevention; Floods; Open source software; Open systems; Disaster management; Disaster management informations; Flood disaster management; Foss; Information technology solutions; Management tasks; Open source system; System requirements; Disasters |
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Abstract |
In this paper we study how information technology solutions can be used when disasters strike. This research in progress focuses on flood disasters and it proposes the design for flood disaster management. To increase the utility of the disaster management information system, we follow the free and open source system (FOSS) concept. Informed by the management tasks of flood response, we elaborate the system requirements and key functionalities. The system has received preliminary evaluation by the domain experts and is currently under further development. |
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Ball State University, United States; State University of New York, Buffalo, United States; Oklahoma State University, United States |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Seattle, WA |
Editor |
S. French, B. Tomaszewski, C. Zobel |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
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Medium |
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Track |
Special Session: Response Information Systems Requirement Engineering and Evaluation |
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Conference |
7th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
391 |
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Author |
Erica Gralla; Jarrod Goentzel; Bartel Van de Walle |
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Title |
Understanding the information needs of field-based decision-makers in humanitarian response to sudden onset disasters |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2015 |
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Keywords |
decision making; humanitarian response; information requirements |
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Abstract |
The development and spread of new technology and the internet has opened a new world of possibilities to gather data and create information in a crisis. However, it is not clear which information field managers require to make the best possible decisions. As a result, it is difficult for volunteers, technology developers, and others, to collect and analyze data that results in information that is accessible and actionable for decision makers. To understand the information requirements of humanitarian responders, a workshop was conducted, bringing together eighteen experienced humanitarian responders. The results of the workshop include preliminary frameworks for decisions and information requirements that are common during the initial phases of a sudden onset disaster. These frameworks will help volunteer and technical communities to understand the information field decision-makers require to make the best possible decisions. |
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Publisher |
University of Agder (UiA) |
Place of Publication |
Kristiansand, Norway |
Editor |
L. Palen; M. Buscher; T. Comes; A. Hughes |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9788271177881 |
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Track |
Decision Support Systems |
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Conference |
ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1286 |
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Author |
Adam Flizikowski; Witold Holubowicz; Anna Stachowicz; Laura Hokkanen; Taina Kurki; Nina Päivinen; Thomas Delavallade |
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Title |
Social media in crisis management – The iSAR+ project survey |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2014 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
707-711 |
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Keywords |
Disaster prevention; Information systems; Mobile telecommunication systems; Risk management; Citizens; Crisis management; Disaster relief; Social media; User requirements; Surveys |
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Abstract |
Social media together with still growing social media communities has become a powerful and promising solution in crisis and emergency management. Previous crisis events have proved that social media and mobile technologies used by citizens (widely) and public services (to some extent) have contributed to the post-crisis relief efforts. The iSAR+ EU FP7 project aims at providing solutions empowering citizens and PPDR (Public Protection and Disaster Relief) organizations in online and mobile communications for the purpose of crisis management especially in search and rescue operations. This paper presents the results of survey aiming at identification of preliminary end-user requirements in the close interworking with end-users across Europe. |
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University of Technology and Life Sciences Poland, Poland; ITTI Ltd., Poland; Emergency Services College, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Thales, France |
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The Pennsylvania State University |
Place of Publication |
University Park, PA |
Editor |
S.R. Hiltz, M.S. Pfaff, L. Plotnick, and P.C. Shih. |
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English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9780692211946 |
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Track |
Social Media in Crisis Response and Management |
Expedition |
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Conference |
11th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
499 |
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Author |
Stephen C. Fortier |
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Title |
Developing an incident response process model for chemical facilities |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2013 |
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Pages |
941-950 |
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Keywords |
Chemical industry; Emergency services; Hazards; Human resource management; Information systems; Information technology; Requirements engineering; Risk management; Business process modelling; Chemical facility; Emergency management; Emergency response; Hazardous substances; Incident response; Chemical plants |
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Abstract |
This research project investigated the incident response mechanism used by the chemical industry for handling extremely hazardous chemicals. The mechanism was described as the policies, procedures, practices, tools, and methods used to conduct incident response. The results from the study determined what technologies, specifically software and information systems, could be utilized to improve the chemical facility incident response mechanism. The chemical industry is responsible for process safety management at all of its facilities, especially those that have off-site consequences in the event of an unplanned release. The processes and procedures of local, regional and national emergency responders have been studied thoroughly. An area of research that is lacking is the study of incident response policies and procedures within the boundaries of a chemical site. Results of the analysis determined that the chemical industry, in general, does not take advantage of available information technology when responding to unplanned releases. |
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George Washington University, United States |
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Publisher |
Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie |
Place of Publication |
KIT; Baden-Baden |
Editor |
T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9783923704804 |
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Track |
Open Track |
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Conference |
10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
502 |
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Author |
Stephen C. Fortier; Ioannis M. Dokas |
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Title |
Setting the specification framework of an Early Warning System using IDEF0 and information modeling |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2008 |
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Issue |
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Pages |
441-450 |
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Keywords |
Disasters; Facilities; Information systems; Information theory; Information use; Sensors; Specifications; Systems engineering; Analysis; Data collection; Early Warning System; Express; IDEF0 modeling; Information Modeling; Material recovery facilities; Requirements; Sadt; Alarm systems |
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Abstract |
Our goal is to develop an Early Warning System for an engineering system with a special interest in applying this to a material recovery facility. This on-going research points out that there is no clear definition of what Early Warning Systems are. A literature search for Early Warning Systems identifies hundred of thousands hits (Buchanan-Smith, 1999; Davies, Buchanan-Smith, Lambert, 1991). Almost all of the references had to do with financial systems for third world countries, tracking the destructive nature of violent conflicts that led to human suffering, or systems for syndromic surveillance. The goal of our research, and of this paper, is to define a framework for creating a specification that can be considered as the basis for the development of any Early Warning System-specifically for engineering systems. Therefore, we will describe Early Warning Systems and its requirements and specifications. Based on specification patterns, we have developed an abstract model of an Early Warning System; and developed an IDEF0 model of a material recovery facility that provides the framework for specifying an Early Warning System. The Early Warning System is then specified using information modeling. |
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Address |
George Washington University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, DC, United States; Cork Constrained Computation Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Washington, DC |
Editor |
F. Fiedrich, B. Van de Walle |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9780615206974 |
Medium |
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Track |
Early Warning Systems |
Expedition |
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Conference |
5th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
503 |
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Author |
Martin Frassl; Michael Lichtenstern; Mohammed Khider; Michael Angermann |
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Title |
Developing a system for information management in disaster relief – Methodology and requirements |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2010 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2010 |
|
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
|
|
Keywords |
Disasters; Information management; Information systems; Assessment; Civil protection; Disaster management; Requirements; Situation awareness; Disaster prevention |
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Abstract |
This paper discusses our ongoing work on a system for collecting, managing and distributing relevant information in disaster relief operations. It describes the background and conditions under which the system is being developed and employed. We present our methodology, the requirements and current functionality of the system and the lessons learned in exercises and training, involving a large number of international disaster management experts. We found that the viability of this kind of tool is determined by three main factors, namely reliability, usability and frugality. The system has gone through many prototype iterations and has matured towards becoming operational in a specific type of mission, i.e. assessment missions for large scale natural and man-made disasters. This paper aims at making a wider audience of disaster management experts aware of that system and the support it may provide to their work. Other researchers and developers may find our experience useful for creating systems in similar domains. |
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Address |
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Seattle, WA |
Editor |
S. French, B. Tomaszewski, C. Zobel |
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|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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|
ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
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Track |
Geo-Information Support |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
7th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
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|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
509 |
|
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Author |
Therese Friberg; Benedikt Birkhäuser; Jens Pottebaum; Rainer Koch |
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|
Title |
Using scenarios for the identification of real-world events in an event-based system |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2010 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2010 |
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|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
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Keywords |
Information systems; Requirements engineering; Risk management; Engineering process; Event trace; Real-world; Sequence diagrams; Use cases; User centered designs; Software architecture |
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Abstract |
This work focuses on the requirements engineering process of an event-based system in the domain of emergency management. The goal is to identify events which occur and have an effect on the actions and decision making during an operation. We outline a case study to apply scenario-based requirements engineering processes to describe and identify events. Under the special circumstances of the case study one important result is the need of integrating multiple sources into the scenario generation activities due to the singular characteristics of many operations. |
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Address |
Universität Paderborn, C.I.K., Germany |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Seattle, WA |
Editor |
S. French, B. Tomaszewski, C. Zobel |
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|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
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Track |
Special Session: Response Information Systems Requirement Engineering and Evaluation |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
7th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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|
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
514 |
|
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Author |
Norman Groner; Charles Jennings |
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|
Title |
Describing pipeline emergency response communications using situational awareness informational requirements and an informational flow analyses |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2012 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2012 |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
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Keywords |
Communication; Information systems; Pipelines; Requirements engineering; Safety factor; Decomposition approach; Emergency communication; Emergency response; Emergency response plans; Failure modes and effects analysis; Information flow analysis; Information requirement; Situational awareness; Emergency services |
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Abstract |
The Christian Regenhard Center for Emergency Response Studies at John Jay College, CUNY, has begun work on developing best practices for hazardous material pipeline emergency response plans. The approach involves modeling a generic goal-based interagency emergency communications system using a two-step process. First, a situational awareness information requirements analysis will describe the informational requirements essential to an effective emergency response. The requirements analysis involves a goal decomposition approach where the information requirements are related to actionable decisions, goals and emergency response roles. Second, an information flow analysis will informational sources and means to provide required information. The same panel of experts will complete both analyses. Once the communications system is described, a separate Delphi group will use a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to estimate the criticality of the components described in the situational awareness requirements and information flow analyses. © 2012 ISCRAM. |
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Address |
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, United States |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Simon Fraser University |
Place of Publication |
Vancouver, BC |
Editor |
L. Rothkrantz, J. Ristvej, Z.Franco |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9780864913326 |
Medium |
|
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Track |
Open Track |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
9th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
120 |
|
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Author |
Glenn I. Hawe; Graham Coates; Duncan T. Wilson; Roger S. Crouch |
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Title |
Design decisions in the development of an agent-based simulation for large-scale emergency response |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2011 |
Publication |
8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011 |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2011 |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
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Keywords |
Application programs; Information systems; Software agents; User interfaces; Virtual reality; Agent based simulation; Agent behavior; Application requirements; Design decisions; Emergency response; Geographical area; Large-scale emergency; Visual user interfaces; Emergency services |
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Abstract |
As part of ongoing research into optimizing the response to large-scale emergencies, an agent-based simulation (ABS) is being developed to evaluate different rescue plans in silico. During the development of this software, decisions regarding its design have been required in order to best satisfy the following specific application requirements: (1) the construction of a sufficiently detailed virtual environment, representing a real geographical area; (2) the programming of a wide variety of agent behaviors using a minimal amount of code; (3) the computational handling of the “large-scale” nature of the emergency; and (4) the presentation of a highly visual user interface, to encourage and facilitate use of the software by practitioners involved in the project. This paper discusses the decisions made in each of these areas, including the novel use of policy-based class design to efficiently program agents. Future developments planned for the software are also outlined. |
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Address |
School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Lisbon |
Editor |
M.A. Santos, L. Sousa, E. Portela |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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|
ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9789724922478 |
Medium |
|
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Track |
Intelligent Systems |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
8th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
563 |
|
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Author |
Starr Roxanne Hiltz; Linda Plotnick; Rosalie J. Ocker |
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Title |
Learning about Emergency Management Information Systems through Partially Distributed Team projects |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2011 |
Publication |
8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011 |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2011 |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
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Keywords |
Civil defense; Disasters; Management information systems; Personnel training; Risk management; Constructivist learning; Distributed teams; Information and Communication Technologies; International students; PDTs; Pedagogical strategies; Software requirements; Us vs. them; Students |
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Abstract |
What are effective ways to train students for designing Emergency Management Information Systems and for working with distant partners on EMIS projects? This paper describes the results of a project whose goal is to assess the effectiveness of Partially Distributed Teams (PDTs) as a pedagogical strategy. A PDT is one type of distributed team, in which two or more co-located subgroups use information and communication technology to collaborate on a task. Much of emergency management involves cross-organizational and often cross-national collaboration in this form. Students need, but lack, learning experiences focused on how to work effectively in such situations. This field study involved more than 700 students from universities in eight countries, working in 80 teams on an EMIS software requirements task. Results indicate that students report positive learning experiences, with international students in international teams reporting the most positive experiences. There are also significant differences among universities. |
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Address |
New Jersey Institute of Technology, United States; Jacksonville State University, United States; Pennsylvania State University, United States |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Lisbon |
Editor |
M.A. Santos, L. Sousa, E. Portela |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9789724922478 |
Medium |
|
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Track |
Advanced Research Methods and Unconventional Results |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
8th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
584 |
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Author |
Gesine Hofinger; Robert Zinke; Laura Künzer |
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Title |
Psychological requirements for crisis and emergency decision-support systems for public transport control centers |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011 |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2011 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
|
Pages |
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Keywords |
Application programs; Artificial intelligence; Control rooms (power plants); Decision support systems; Employment; Information systems; Control center; Crisis management; Emergency situation; Industrial logistics; Production process; Public transportation; Requirements analysis; Software applications; Mass transportation |
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Abstract |
Control center staff is used to working with software applications for e.g. surveillance of production processes, for controlling and timing of industrial logistics, and for recording and filing incidents and actions. Yet, decision-support systems for emergency situations pose additional demands on employees in this domain. This paper reports first findings for psychological requirements for decision support systems in the rise of emergencies as identified in a federal German research project in the domain of public transportation. In control centers both the humans on duty who have to intervene during an emergency, and the technical system which provides decision-alternatives for supporting the action are considered. Based on findings of the project, psychological, technical and organizational requirements identified in interviews, observations, document analysis and additional relevant literature are generalized. |
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Address |
University of Jena, Germany |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Lisbon |
Editor |
M.A. Santos, L. Sousa, E. Portela |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9789724922478 |
Medium |
|
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Track |
User Centred Design Process for EMIS |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
8th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
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|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
588 |
|
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Author |
Beibei Hu; Jan Hidders; Philipp Cimiano |
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Title |
Towards context-based information delivery to police officers: A questionnaire-based requirements elicitation study |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2010 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
|
Pages |
|
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Keywords |
Information systems; Law enforcement; Mobile agents; Requirements engineering; Surveys; Systems analysis; Context-aware systems; Context-based information; Crisis management; Crisis situations; Information requirement; Mobile users; Police officers; Requirements elicitation; Information management |
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Abstract |
In the area of information system design, the development of context-aware systems which can provide relevant information in a context-driven fashion to support mobile users in crisis management tasks represents a great challenge. Motivated by the fact that police officers are often overwhelmed by too much information, the goal of the MOSAIC project (a multi-officer system of agents for informed crisis control) is to support mobile police officers by a system which delivers contextualized information that is relevant to the task at hand. In order to elicit the information requirements of police officers who are involved in crisis situations, a questionnaire-based requirements elicitation study has been carried out in the context of the work described here. The results mainly shed light on the situation-specific information requirements of police officers in certain scenarios. The design requirements that follow from our study have clearly the potential to guide the design of context-based information delivery systems for users involved in critical situations such as the police officers we target. Our findings thus offer an important contribution to the field of information system design for crisis management. |
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Address |
Delft University of Technology, Netherlands; Semantic Computing Group, CITEC, Universität Bielefeld, Germany |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Seattle, WA |
Editor |
S. French, B. Tomaszewski, C. Zobel |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
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Track |
Special Session: Response Information Systems Requirement Engineering and Evaluation |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
7th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
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|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
598 |
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Author |
Jaco Appelman; Elisabeth A. M. Van De Kar; Mariëlle Hengst-Bruggeling; Josine Van De Ven; Paul Burghardt |
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Title |
A service elicitation process for crisis management technologies |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2006 |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
352-361 |
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Keywords |
Information systems; Requirements engineering; Crisis management; Design Methodology; Gss; Service elicitation; Technological applications; User groups; Design |
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Abstract |
New information technological applications, that aim to support better professional responses to incidents and crises' are being developed at an increasing rate. We observe in almost any disaster that actions by civilians also contribute substantially to alleviation of the effects of a crisis. We are largely unaware what crisis management services would be of use to civilians under these particular circumstances; just as it is difficult for users to specify requirements for services based on novel technologies. These insights guided the design of a service elicitation approach that can be repeatedly used for different user groups. In this paper we introduce a design methodology and discuss outcomes of a first test-session. We reflect in the conclusions on improvements to the design. |
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Address |
Delft University of Technology, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology and TNO, Netherlands; TNO and DECIS-lab, Netherlands; DECIS-lab, Netherlands |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium |
Place of Publication |
Newark, NJ |
Editor |
B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9090206019; 9789090206011 |
Medium |
|
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Track |
RESEARCH METHODS IN CRISIS DECISION MAKING |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
269 |
|
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Author |
Jan Martin Jansen; Bas Lijnse; Rinus Plasmeijer |
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Title |
Towards dynamic workflow support for crisis management |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2010 |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
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Keywords |
Functional programming; Information systems; Management information systems; Work simplification; Crisis response operation; Crisis response systems; Dynamic workflow; Functional programming technique; ITask system; Process support technologies; Requirements discussion; Workflow management systems; Information management |
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Abstract |
Current process support technology for crisis management is often limited to either sharing of information or hard-coded process support through dedicated systems. Workflow management systems have the potential to improve crisis response operations by automating coordination aspects. Unfortunately most contemporary systems can only support static workflows, hence yielding inflexible support systems. Recent work on the use of functional programming techniques for workflow modeling has led to the development of the iTask system. It uses function combination to model dynamic data-driven processes and generates executable workflow support systems. Because of its focus on dynamic processes it appears promising for development of flexible crisis response systems. In this paper we present an initial discussion of the potential of the iTask system for crisis management applications. We give an overview of the iTask system, and discuss to what extent it meets the requirements of the crisis management domain. |
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Address |
Netherlands Defense Academy, Netherlands; Radboud University, Netherlands Defense Academy, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Seattle, WA |
Editor |
S. French, B. Tomaszewski, C. Zobel |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
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Track |
Open Track |
Expedition |
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Conference |
7th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
619 |
|
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Author |
Susanne Jul |
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Title |
Who's really on first? A domain-level user, task and context analysis for response technology |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM 2007 Academic Proceedings Papers |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2007 |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
139-148 |
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Keywords |
Design; Disasters; Management; Natural language processing systems; User interfaces; Crisis; Domain analysis; Emergency; Requirements analysis; Response; User interface designs; Emergency services |
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Abstract |
This paper presents a domain-level user, task and context analysis for response technology, based on sociological studies of disaster and disaster response. The analysis examines three dimensions of disaster-scale, kind and anticipability-that have been linked to differences in response characteristics, including differences in individual and organizational responders and behaviors. It yields a number of implications for design, and reveals five domain-specific design requirements. It also offers systematic characterizations of users, tasks and contexts of response technology, that begin to structure the user interface design space, laying a foundation for a theory of design. This work provides a conceptual basis to help researchers and designers recognize and address possible limitations of design decisions, leading, ultimately, to more usable and effective response technologies. |
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Address |
Pacific Disaster Center, United States |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM |
Place of Publication |
Delft |
Editor |
B. Van de Walle, P. Burghardt, K. Nieuwenhuis |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9789054874171; 9789090218717 |
Medium |
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Track |
HCIS |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
4th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
642 |
|
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|
|
Author |
Kristine Steen-Tveit |
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Title |
Identifying Information Requirements for Improving the Common Operational Picture in Multi-Agency Operations |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
Iscram 2020 |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
252-263 |
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Keywords |
Situational Awareness, Common Operational Picture, Information Sharing, Common Information Requirements, Multi-Agency Emergency Operations. |
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Abstract |
While there exists a considerable body of literature on the importance of a common operational picture (COP) in multi-agency emergency operations, the COP concept itself still lacks a univocal definition. Despite the lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms underlying the COP, the literature implies a level of consistency in the focus on sharing critical information. Based on interviews with Norwegian emergency management stakeholders, this study investigates common information requirements for emergency management services and presents an example of a framework for structuring the sharing of critical information and building a COP. Termed 'the window report', this framework is used among emergency stakeholders in Norway and Sweden. The study identified eight common information requirement categories for managing extreme weather scenarios. With a focus on common information needs and a process for structured information sharing, future strategic emergency management planning might take a more holistic perspective on cross-sectoral operations than in current practice. |
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Address |
Centre for Integrated Emergency Management, University of Agder |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Virginia Tech |
Place of Publication |
Blacksburg, VA (USA) |
Editor |
Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel |
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|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
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|
ISSN |
978-1-949373-27-25 |
ISBN |
2411-3411 |
Medium |
|
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Track |
Command & Control Studies |
Expedition |
|
Conference |
17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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|
Notes |
kristine.steen-tveit@uia.no |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
2226 |
|
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Author |
Uwe Krüger; Fabian Wucholt; Clemens Beckstein |
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Title |
Electronic checklist support for disaster response |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2012 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Information systems; Quality management; Assistance system; Disaster response; Disaster scenario; Human errors; Intelligent electronics; Mass casualty incidents; Requirements analysis; Simple approach; Disasters |
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Abstract |
Requirements analysis of IT-support for rescue management showed that electronic checklist support is a vital function of any IT-based assistance system. Although checklists are a simple approach, their successful implementation and use depends on many factors. We nevertheless believe that Intelligent Electronic Checklist Sup-port Systems (IECSS) are especially helpful for the (inter-) organizational cooperation in disaster scenarios like mass casualty incidents (MCIs). In this paper we describe why, when, and how electronic checklists can be used to coordinate the work of the geographically dispersed rescue forces. For this purpose we will have a look at safety-critical and complex tasks in aviation and medicine where checklists already are successfully used and try to profit from this experience for the MCI domain. © 2012 ISCRAM. |
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Address |
Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Intercultural Business Communication, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Simon Fraser University |
Place of Publication |
Vancouver, BC |
Editor |
L. Rothkrantz, J. Ristvej, Z.Franco |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9780864913326 |
Medium |
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Track |
Human Experiences in the Design of Crisis Response and Management Services and Systems |
Expedition |
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Conference |
9th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
144 |
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Author |
Tim A. Majchrzak; Oliver Schmitt |
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Title |
Improving epidemiology research with patient registries based on advanced web technology |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
ISCRAM 2012 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Information systems; Amount of information; Crisis management; Electronic data; Electronic health record; Patient registry; Performance requirements; Registry; Required functionalities; Diseases |
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Abstract |
To store patients' medical histories and to exchange them between physicians, patient registries are used. Registries contain detailed data on patients and their treatments, and may comprise additional documents. This makes them very valuable for epidemiological research due to the amount of information contained. Providing data for research requires anonymization and pseudonymization to address privacy laws and security concerns. To be able to give feedback to physicians e.g. about discovered treatment possibilities, advanced pseudonymization has to be used. We present progress in the development of patient registries and the required functionality to support research. Usability, explicability, and performance requirements are addressed by incorporating Web technology. Our findings include ways to develop patient registries as well as the description of mechanisms built into them. In particular, we show applications to and implications for crisis management. © 2012 ISCRAM. |
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Address |
Department of Information Systems, University of Münster, Germany |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Simon Fraser University |
Place of Publication |
Vancouver, BC |
Editor |
L. Rothkrantz, J. Ristvej, Z.Franco |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
9780864913326 |
Medium |
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Track |
Planning and Foresight |
Expedition |
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Conference |
9th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
162 |
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Author |
Marc van den Homberg; Jannis Visser; Maarten van der Veen |
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Title |
Unpacking Data Preparedness from a humanitarian prioritization perspective: towards an assessment framework at subnational level |
Type |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
Iscram 2017 |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
2-13 |
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Keywords |
Data preparedness; humanitarian response; information requirements |
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Abstract |
All too often the collection as well as analysis of data for humanitarian response only starts once a disaster hits. This paper proposes a framework to assess Data Preparedness on five dimensions: Data Sets, Data Services and Tooling, Data Governance, Data Literacy, and Networked Organizations for Data. We demonstrate for one dimension, i.e. Data Sets, how it can be quantified. First step is to determine which Data Sets must be collected before a disaster strikes so that as many as possible decision-makers' information needs are covered. Subsequently, a Data Sets Preparedness Index can be calculated based on Completeness, Recency and Accuracy & Reliability. We tested the index for Malawi and The Philippines and show how it can be used to direct data collection and determine when data analysis for e.g. predicting severity becomes meaningful. The index can be modified for reporting on global policies such as the Sustainable Development Goals. |
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Address |
510.global, Netherlands Red Cross |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Iscram |
Place of Publication |
Albi, France |
Editor |
Tina Comes, F.B., Chihab Hanachi, Matthieu Lauras, Aurélie Montarnal, eds |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2411-3387 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Track |
Population and Priority Needs in a Limited Access Crisis |
Expedition |
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Conference |
14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1995 |
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