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	Author	Björn JE Johansson; Amanda Jaber; Joeri van Laere; Peter Berggren
	Title	Crisis Response During Payment Disruptions – The Themes of TRAMS			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	264-275
	Keywords	Crisis Management, Payment Disruptions, Resilience, Thematic Analysis.
	Abstract	A qualitative analysis of observation protocols and audio recordings from 14 crisis response exercises has been conducted revealing eight themes reoccurring in multi-disciplinary team discussions about crisis response to large disruptions to the card payment system. The themes were: Coordinate and collaborate, Payment options, Cash circulation, Fuel and transportation, Security, Inform, communicate and the media, Hoarding and rationing, and Vulnerable groups. The analysis suggest that Swedish society is vulnerable to disruptions in the card payment services, largely due to a low diversity in payment options, the lack of prepared back up solutions for payment, and insufficient cash flows to support a cash only scenario. A longer (several days) disruption in the card payment system will demand coordinating mechanisms for information management, available payment options, and preparedness for rapid establishment of cash flows. Today, these mechanisms do not exist. Simulation exercises with stake-holders are an important mean for increasing awareness about these vulnerabilities and the challenges associated with coping with them.
	Address	Linköping University; Linköping University; Skövde University; Linköping University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-26	ISBN	2411-3412	Medium
	Track	Command & Control Studies	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	bjorn.j.johansson@liu.se			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2227
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	Author	Cornelius Dold; Christopher Munschauer; Ompe Aimé Mudimu
	Title	Real-Life Exercises as a Tool in Security Research and Civil Protection – Options for Data Collections			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	244-250
	Keywords	Real-Life Exercises; Data Collection; Emergency Response; Civil Protection; Large-Scale Exercises
	Abstract	A real-life exercise is a scientific method used by the TH Köln to generate data sets of new technologies and operational concepts derived from research projects. The Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection (German acronym: IRG) uses a real-time locating system (RTLS), video surveillance, observers and a mass casualty incident benchmark to generate motion profiles, information flows and information on the quality of care. In this practitioner paper these different methods will be discussed and the combination of different data is described. Furthermore, an outlook is given on the extent to which the method will be improved and expand-ed in the future. Concluding it can be said that the combination of all collected data is essential for the evalua-tion of a real-life exercise in security research or civil protection.
	Address	TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences, Cologne; TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences, Cologne; TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences, Cologne
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-24	ISBN	2411-3410	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	cornelius.dold@th-koeln.de			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2225
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	Author	Nasik Muhammad Nafi; Avishek Bose; Sarthak Khanal; Doina Caragea; William H. Hsu
	Title	Abstractive Text Summarization of Disaster-Related Documents			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	881-892
	Keywords	Disaster Reporting; Text Summarization; Information Extraction; Reinforcement Learning; Evaluation Metrics
	Abstract	Abstractive summarization is intended to capture key information from the full text of documents. In the application domain of disaster and crisis event reporting, key information includes disaster effects, cause, and severity. While some researches regarding information extraction in the disaster domain have focused on keyphrase extraction from short disaster-related texts like tweets, there is hardly any work that attempts abstractive summarization of long disaster-related documents. Following the recent success of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in other domains, we leverage an RL-based state-of-the-art approach in abstractive summarization to summarize disaster-related documents. RL enables an agent to find an optimal policy by maximizing some reward. We design a novel hybrid reward metric for the disaster domain by combining \underline{Vec}tor Similarity and \underline{Lex}icon Matching (\textit{VecLex}) to maximize the relevance of the abstract to the source document while focusing on disaster-related keywords. We evaluate the model on a disaster-related subset of a CNN/Daily Mail dataset consisting of 104,913 documents. The results show that our approach produces more informative summaries and achieves higher \textit{VecLex} scores compared to the baseline.
	Address	Kansas State University; Kansas State University; Kansas State University; Kansas State University; Kansas State University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-78	ISBN	2411-3464	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	nnafi@ksu.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2279
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	Author	Paulina Potemski; Nada Matta; Patrick Laclémence
	Title	Modelling Women's Living Conditions' in Violence using KM techniques			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	27-34
	Keywords	Women Conditions Life, Violence, Integrism Women Recruitment, Knowledge Management, Living Condition's Improvement, Tradition.
	Abstract	According to the United Nations Secretary General, gender equality has advanced in recent decades we are leaving in unprecedented global efforts to advance on women' empowerment. For example, girls' access to education has improved, the rate of child marriage declined and progress was made in the area of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, including fewer maternal deaths. Nevertheless, gender equality remains a persistent challenge for countries worldwide and the lack of such equality is a major obstacle to sustainable development (Golombok et al, 1994, UNSG report, 2017). There are various inequity factors women confront. Women are the population that suffers most from different forms of discrimination. All of them root women's inferiority, women's dependence and as a matter of consequence, create a vicious circle of a domination system. Domination systems of men over women are all the more pernicious and harsher when combined with extreme poverty, remote living areas and conflicts. We discuss in this paper the fact that women are the population which underlive most difficult living conditions especially when violence and tradition are combined. Modelling life conditions put on the main factors of this violence and its consequences.
	Address	ICD, University of Technologie of Troyes, Troyes, France; ICD, University of Technologie of Troyes, Troyes, France; ICD, University of Technologie of Troyes, Troyes, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-3	ISBN	2411-3389	Medium
	Track	AI Systems for Crisis and Risks	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	paulina.potemski@utt.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2204
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	Author	Laura Szczyrba; Yang Zhang; Duygu Pamukcu; Derya Ipek Eroglu
	Title	A Machine Learning Method to Quantify the Role of Vulnerability in Hurricane Damage			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	179-187
	Keywords	Vulnerability, Impact, Damage, Machine Learning, Hurricane María.
	Abstract	Accurate pre-disaster damage predictions and post-disaster damage assessments are challenging because of the complicated interrelationships between multiple damage drivers, including various natural hazards, as well as antecedent infrastructure quality and demographic characteristics. Ensemble decision trees, a family of machine learning algorithms, are well suited to quantify the role of social vulnerability in disaster impacts because they provide interpretable measures of variable importance for predictions. Our research explores the utility of an ensemble decision tree algorithm, Random Forest Regression, for quantifying the role of vulnerability with a case study of Hurricane Mar\'ia. The contributing predictive power of eight drivers of structural damage was calculated as the decrease in model mean squared error. A measure of social vulnerability was found to be the model's leading predictor of damage patterns. An additional algorithm, other methods of quantifying variable importance, and future work are discussed.
	Address	Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-17	ISBN	2411-3403	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	lszczyrba@vt.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2218
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	Author	Jean-Paul Monet; Pierre Schaller; Sergio Pirone; Marc Castellnou Ribau; Stéphane Poyau; Marc Dumas
	Title	Civil Protection in Europe: Towards a Unified Command System? Lessons Learned, Studies and Ideas About Change Management			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	315-325
	Keywords	Crisis Management, Incident, Command and Control System, Interoperability, European Union.
	Abstract	After the summer 2017 deadly wildfires in Portugal, President Juncker of the European Commission asked for “a stronger European Union (EU)”, clearly targeting civil protection management. This wish found achievement in the March 2019 guidance to establish a reserve of EU response capacities called “rescEU”, integrated into the jurisdictional basis of EU civil protection. However, the authors regret the ambition of this plan has not been fulfilled. Due to some very “European constraints” this “new deal” has introduced only small changes in terms of resources and knowledge management. In each of the past several years, climate change has brought new examples of fatal natural disasters: wildfires in Sweden, and Greece, and flash floods in Spain and France. Because of this continuous rise in disasters, and based on some lessons learned, the authors stress that it's now time to shape a project to improve European Civil Protection. The idea is to move from the already good modular system of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism to an integrated, robust, and unique European Command System, which clearly must be fully interoperable with other existing mechanisms (US ICS, UNOCHA...).
	Address	Bouches-du-Rhône Fire department; National French Fire Academy (Ensosp); Corpo forestal Piemonte, Italy; Pau Costa foundation, Spain; Landes Fire department; Bouches-du-Rhône Fire department
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-31	ISBN	2411-3417	Medium
	Track	Command & Control Studies	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	jpmonet@sdis13.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2232
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	Author	Derya Ipek Eroglu; Duygu Pamukcu; Laura Szczyrba; Yang Zhang
	Title	Analyzing and Contextualizing Social Vulnerability to Natural Disasters in Puerto Rico			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	389-395
	Keywords	Data Analytics, Hurricane María, Principal Component Analysis, Social Vulnerability Index.
	Abstract	As the third hurricane the U.S. experienced in 2017, Hurricane María generated impacts that resulted in both short term and long term suffering in Puerto Rico. In this study, we aim to quantify the vulnerability of Puerto Ricans by taking region and society specific characteristics of the island into account. To do this, we follow Cutter et al.'s social vulnerability calculation, which is an inductive approach that aims to represent a society based on its characteristics. We adapted the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) for Puerto Rico by using data obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. We analyzed the newly calculated SoVI for Puerto Rico and compared it with the existing deductive approach developed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Our findings show that the new index is able to capture some characteristics that the existing vulnerability index is unable to do.
	Address	Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-37	ISBN	2411-3423	Medium
	Track	Data and resilience: opportunities and challenges	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	deryaipek@vt.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2238
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	Author	Tomasz Opach; Jan Ketil Rød; Bjørn Erik Munkvold; Jaziar Radianti; Kristine Steen-Tveit; Lars Ole Grottenberg
	Title	Map-based Interfaces for Common Operational Picture			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	506-516
	Keywords	Common Operational Picture, Situational Awareness, Map-based Interface, Cartographic Design, Cartographic Symbolization.
	Abstract	Common operational picture (COP) map-based interfaces display operational information to support integration of emergency responders. Such interfaces integrate different subsystems and present the resulting information into an overview for enabling situation awareness. Literature shows that they are often developed from non-user-centric perspectives and are defined in technological terms that are not adequately capturing the users' needs. Therefore, the aim of this particular work in progress is to get insight into the features and the role of COP map-based interfaces currently being used in Norway to (1) examine their content, functionality, and design; and (2) to understand how such displays are incorporated into the service context. This study structures the knowledge on map displays that constitute part of the COP services. Using workshop and interviews with the developers and users of existing COP map services, we identify requirements for a common operational symbology and common operational functionality to improve such map services and make them interoperable.
	Address	Norwegian University of Science and Technology / Linköping University; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; University of Agder; University of Agder; University of Agder; University of Stavanger
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-48	ISBN	2411-3434	Medium
	Track	Geospatial Technologies and Geographic Information Science for Crisis Management (GIS)	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	tomasz.opach@ntnu.no			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2249
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	Author	Cecilia Hammar Wijkmark; Ilona Heldal
	Title	Virtual and Live Simulation-Based Training for Incident Commanders			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1154-1162
	Keywords	Virtual Simulation; Simulation; Serious Games; Training; Live Training; Cost and Benefit; Use; Usability; Incident Command
	Abstract	Computer and virtual simulation-based training (CST) offer several benefits for emergency response and management preparedness. However, organizations responsible for training are often hesitant to use CST, based on cost and perceived lack of benefit when compared to live simulation training (LST). This paper investigates how CST can complement LST, and how it contributes to achieving the necessary learning objectives for level one fire and rescue service incident commanders (ICs). Data and examples come from an experimental study with students from different fire and rescue services trained in the role of the IC in LST and CST, in a similar scenario. Results show the cost and benefits of the CST implementation based on evaluations from learners, instructors and responsible managers. Participants had a positive attitude towards using virtual simulations, but the results also point to barriers regarding the suitable design of learning scenarios and implementation.
	Address	Western Norway University of Applied Sciences; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-105	ISBN	2411-3491	Medium
	Track	Open Track	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	Cecilia.hammar.wijkmark@hvl.no			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2306
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	Author	Mari Olsén; Niklas Hallberg; Per-Anders Oskarsson; Magdalena Granåsen
	Title	Exploring Capabilities that Constitute Inter-Organizational Crisis Management			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	417-426
	Keywords	Capability, Inter-organizational crisis management, Exercises, Assessment.
	Abstract	Crises are infrequent, unpredictable and complex events. Managing such events requires well-prepared and well-coordinated efforts by several response organizations. Hence, a sufficient inter-organizational crisis management (ICM) capability is critical for sustainable societies. To ensure the ICM capability, approaches for enhancing and evaluating it are needed. The objective of this study was to identify and elaborate a clearly defined set of capabilities that constitutes ICM capability. The study was performed by an explorative literature study, where identified capabilities related to ICM were clustered. The cluster of capabilities was iteratively evaluated and refined. The study resulted in 14 capabilities that constitute ICM capability, which were divided into core, supportive, and enabling capabilities. The set of capabilities may provide a foundation for a framework of ICM capability with the ability to support assessment of ICM performance both in exercises and in real ICM operations, as well as in the design of ICM exercises.
	Address	Swedish Defence Research Agency; Swedish Defence Research Agency; Swedish Defence Research Agency; Swedish Defence Research Agency
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-40	ISBN	2411-3426	Medium
	Track	Enhancing resilient response in inter-organizational contexts: Learning from experience	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	mari.olsen@foi.se			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2241
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	Author	Flavio Dusse; Renato Novais; Manoel Mendonça
	Title	A Visual Analytics Based Model for Crisis Management Decision-Making			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	157-166
	Keywords	Crisis Management, Decision-Making, Visual Analytics, Model.
	Abstract	Crisis Management (CM) refers to the ability to deal with crisis tasks in different phases and iterations. People working in a crisis are generally under pressure to make the right decision at the right time. They must process large amounts of data and assimilate the received information in an intuitive way. Visual Analytics (VA) is potentially useful to analyze and understand the huge amount of data in several areas including in a crisis. We propose a model based on VA to support decision-making in CM. The aim of the model is to help visualization designers to create effective VA interfaces, to help crisis managers to make quick and assertive decisions with them. In previous studies, we carried out a survey protocol with a multi-method approach to collect data on crisis related decision-making and analyze all these data qualitatively with formal techniques during the large events held in Brazil in recent years. In this work, we used our previous findings to develop the proposed model. We validated it using the focus group technique. With the new findings, we identified relevant insights on the use of VA for crisis management. We hope that, with these continuous cycles of validation and improvement, the agencies that manage crises might use our model as a reference for building more effective IT decision-making infrastructures based on VA.
	Address	Federal University of Bahia; Federal Institute of Bahia; Federal University of Bahia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-15	ISBN	2411-3401	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	dussebr@dcc.ufba.br			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2216
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	Author	Rob Grace
	Title	Hyperlocal Toponym Usage in Storm-Related Social Media			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	849-859
	Keywords	Volunteered Geographic Information, Twitter, Information Behavior, Crisis Informatics, Emergency Management.
	Abstract	Crisis responders need to locate events reported in social media messages that typically lack geographic metadata such as geotags. Toponyms, places names referenced in messages, provide another source of geographic information, however, the availability and granularity of toponyms in crisis social media remain poorly understood. This study examines toponym usage and granularity across six categories of crisis-related information posted on Twitter during a severe storm. Findings show users often include geographic information in messages describing local and remote storm events but do so rarely when discussing other topics, more often use toponyms than geotags when describing local events, and tend to include fine-grained toponyms in reports of infrastructure damage and service disruption and course-grained toponyms in other kinds of storm-related messages. These findings present requirements for hyperlocal geoparsing techniques and suggest that social media monitoring presents more immediate affordances for course-grained damage assessment than fine-grained situational awareness during a crisis.
	Address	Texas Tech University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-75	ISBN	2411-3461	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	rob.grace@ttu.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2276
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	Author	Anne-Marie Barthe-Delanoë; Wenxin Mu
	Title	Towards a Context-Aware Systemic Risk Management Framework for the Crisis Response			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1122-1129
	Keywords	Context-Awareness; Risk Analysis; Risk Evaluation; Knowledge Base; Systemic Risk
	Abstract	Crisis response is, as any other collaborative networked organization, challenged by changes and vulnerabilities. Moreover, as a complex system with distributed activities and numerous interdependencies, considering the risk of such an organization at a systemic level, including time and space dimensions, is necessary. Systemic risk management is a topic traditionally studied in the finance area. Even if a few researches now focus on the supply chain management area (a more relatable domain regarding crisis response), there is even fewer literature regarding systemic risk management for the crisis response. Thus, this paper proposes first to define systemic risk related to the case of the crisis response. Then, a framework for context-aware systemic risk management is presented, to support the design as well as the follow-up of the crisis response, meeting one of the challenges of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
	Address	Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; Department of Information Management, Jiao Tong University, Beijing, China
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-101	ISBN	2411-3487	Medium
	Track	Visions for Future Crisis Management	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	annemarie.barthe@ensiacet.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2302
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	Author	Daniel Lichte; Dustin Witte; Kai-Dietrich Wolf
	Title	Comprehensive Security Hazard Analysis for Transmission Systems			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1145-1153
	Keywords	Physical Security; Energy Transmission Systems; Scenario Analysis; Threat Analysis; Risk Assessment
	Abstract	Critical energy infrastructures are more and more focused upon by politics and society. Modern society depends on these structures, since they enable the steady support of electricity and other types of energy. Deliberately precipitated hazards of certain critical parts of electrical transmission systems (ETS) can lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, the analysis of feasible security hazards and resulting consequences for the operation of transmission systems are a concern to transmission system operators (TSO). Alas, there is no common method available that comprehensively identifies these feasible security related scenarios and classifies them according to their overall criticality for the safe operation of the ETS. To tackle this challenge, we propose a comprehensive, yet easy-to-apply method to systematically identify and assess the criticality of security threat scenarios. It is conducted in four steps and consists of a matrix based consistency check of threat scenarios in a defined solution space and a convenient semi-quantitative assessment of a risk factor for the ETS. The approach is illustrated by the simplified generic example of an EETS.
	Address	German Aerospace Center; University of Wuppertal; University of Wuppertal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-104	ISBN	2411-3490	Medium
	Track	Open Track	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	daniel.lichte@dlr.de			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2305
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	Author	Ana-Gabriela Núñez; Sebastián Cedillo; Andrés Alvarado Martínez; Ma Carmen Penadés
	Title	Towards the Building of a Resilient City able to Face Flood Risk Scenarios			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	593-601
	Keywords	Risk Management; Floods; River Morphology; Resilience; IT
	Abstract	Despite the efforts that have been made to inform the community about the possible environmental risks, there is still a general lack of information. Currently, we are working on a flood risk scenario focused on a proposal towards a resilient culture together with the support of Information Technologies (IT) as a way to manage information. The goal is twofold: (i) on the one hand, to manage data in a small scenario to analyze and process the data collected from sensors in different sites in a micro-basin. Data get from data processing such as flow and velocity will then be the input data for hydraulic models to predict floods downstream; (ii) on the other hand, to publicize the predictions and the data already processed means people can benefit from information on flood risks, and the different participants may change their perception and consider cooperating in improving resilience.
	Address	Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador; Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador; Universitat Polit\`{e}cnica de Val\`{e}ncia, Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-55	ISBN	2411-3441	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	anag.nunez@ucuenca.edu.ec			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2256
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	Author	Pouyan Fotouhi Tehrani; Niklas von Kalckreuth; Selma Lamprecht
	Title	Toward an Integrative Model of Trust for Digital Emergency Communication			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1012-1021
	Keywords	Trust; Emergency Management; Digital Communication; Modeling
	Abstract	Digital technologies have become an integral enabler of communication during various phases of emergency management (EM). A crucial prerequisite of effective communication between authorities and the public during EM is the establishment of adequate mutual trust. Trust, however, is an elusive concept which is not easily translatable into technical settings. In this paper we propose an integrative model of trust in digital communication and show how such model can be advantageous in assessing and improving trust relations in context of EM. Our interdisciplinary model, which is based on findings from psychology, sociology and computer sciences provides an abstraction which not only seizes both subjective and objective as well as personal and non-personal, \eg institutional or cultural, aspects of trust but at the same time is concrete enough to be applicable to real-life scenarios.
	Address	Weizenbaum Institute, Fraunhofer FOKUS; Weizenbaum Institute, Humboldt University Berlin; Weizenbaum Institute, Fraunhofer FOKUS
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-91	ISBN	2411-3477	Medium
	Track	Usability and Universal Design of ICT for Emergency Management	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	pouyan.fotouhi.tehrani@fokus.fraunhofer.de			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2292
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	Author	Duygu Pamukcu; Christopher W. Zobel; Andrew Arnette
	Title	Characterizing Social Community Structures in Emergency Shelter Planning			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	228-236
	Keywords	Evacuation Planning; Sheltering; Simulation; Social Network; Group Behavior
	Abstract	During emergencies, it is often necessary to evacuate vulnerable people to safer places to reduce loss of lives and cope with human suffering. Shelters are publically available places to evacuate, especially for people who do not have any other choices. This paper overviews emergency shelter planning in disaster mitigation and preparation and discusses the need for better responding to people who need to evacuate during emergencies. Recent evacuation studies pay attention to integrating social factors into evacuation modeling for better prediction of evacuation decisions. Our goal is to address the impact of social behavior on the sheltering choices of evacuees and to explore the potential contributions of including social network characteristics in the decision-making process of authorities. We present the shelter utilization problem in South Carolina during Hurricane Florence and discuss an agent-based modeling approach that considers social community structures in modeling the shelter choice behavior of socially connected individuals.
	Address	Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; University of Wyoming
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-22	ISBN	2411-3408	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	duygu@vt.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2223
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	Author	Alexander Staves; Harry Balderstone; Benjamin Green; Antonios Gouglidis; David Hutchison
	Title	A Framework to Support ICS Cyber Incident Response and Recovery			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	638-651
	Keywords	ICS; CNI; Cyber Incident; Guidance; Response and Recovery
	Abstract	During the past decade there has been a steady increase in cyber attacks targeting Critical National Infrastructure. In order to better protect against an ever-expanding threat landscape, governments, standards bodies, and a plethora of industry experts have produced relevant guidance for operators in response to incidents. However, in a context where safety, reliability, and availability are key, combined with the industrial nature of operational systems, advice on the right practice remains a challenge. This is further compounded by the volume of available guidance, raising questions on where operators should start, which guidance set should be followed, and how confidence in the adopted approach can be established. In this paper, an analysis of existing guidance with a focus on cyber incident response and recovery is provided. From this, a work in progress framework is posited, to better support operators in the development of response and recovery operations.
	Address	Lancaster University, UK; Lancaster University, UK; Lancaster University, UK; Lancaster University, UK; Lancaster University, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-59	ISBN	2411-3445	Medium
	Track	Resilience in Critical Infrastructures	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	a.staves@lancaster.ac.uk			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2260
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	Author	Marion Lara Tan; Sara Harrison; Julia S. Becker; Emma E.H. Doyle; Raj Prasanna
	Title	Research Themes on Warnings in Information Systems Crisis Management Literature			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1085-1099
	Keywords	Early Warnings Systems, Literature Review, Ethics, Social Media.
	Abstract	Early Warning Systems (EWS) are crucial to mitigating and reducing disaster impacts. Furthermore, technology and information systems (IS) are key to the success of EWSs. This systematic literature review investigates the research topics and themes from the past six years of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) conference proceedings and seeks to identify the research developments and directions for EWSs to steer a discourse to advance the research in this field. Findings from a sample size of 60 papers show that there are technical, social, and topical considerations to using and advancing technology for EWSs. While technology has advanced EWSs to new levels, it is important to consider the influence of technology in the successful operation of EWSs. The results are based on the ISCRAM proceedings literature and may be broader or have different prioritization if a wider disciplinary body of literature was explored. This will be considered in the future.
	Address	Massey University; Massey University; Massey University; Massey University; Massey University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-98	ISBN	2411-3484	Medium
	Track	Visions for Future Crisis Management	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	M.L.Tan@massey.ac.nz			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2299
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	Author	Eva Petitdemange; Elyes Lamine; Franck Fontanili; Matthieu Lauras
	Title	Enhancing Emergency Call Centers' Performance Through a Data-driven Simulation Approach			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	218-227
	Keywords	Emergency Call Center, Performance, Simulation, Data-Driven, Continuous Improvement, Organization.
	Abstract	Emergency Call Centers (ECCs) can be considered as the starting point of the pre-hospital emergency medical system. Although, ECCs exist everywhere, their business processes and their performance levels differ from one place to another, even sometimes in a same country. By definition, users expect a high level of performance, particularly regarding the waiting time and the processing time of the calls. Additionally, ECCs might have difficulties to manage sudden rise of activities following disasters impacting huge number of victims for instance. To support ECCs in their continuous improvement steps, this paper suggests an innovative framework and its associated tools to support both diagnosis of current organizations and enhancement of their performance. Concretely, the proposal is data-driven and simulation oriented. First experiments are shown in order to demonstrate the potential benefits of such an approach. Avenues for further research are also discussed.
	Address	IMT Mines Albi, University of Toulouse; IMT Mines Albi, University of Toulouse; IMT Mines Albi, University of Toulouse; IMT Mines Albi, University of Toulouse
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-21	ISBN	2411-3407	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	eva.petitdemange@mines-albi.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2222
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	Author	Henrique Romano Correia; Ivison da Costa Rubim; Angelica F.S. Dias; Juliana B.S. França; Marcos R.S. Borges
	Title	Drones to the Rescue: A Support Solution for Emergency Response			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	904-913
	Keywords	Emergency, Information System, Collaborative Systems, Decision-making Drones.
	Abstract	Emergency is a threatening condition that requires urgent action, an effective response and within an emergency scenario there may be risks for responders, as well as for those affected. Response time is crucial for affected individuals and environments to be addressed on their needs. In this context, the goal of this work is to support the agents involved in the emergency response, through an application-supported collaborative solution using drones. This solution aims to collect information from the worked emergency scenario, so that, through the collaboration of specialists, there is a greater support for the decision-making made by the responsible agents within this scenario, causing it to occur in a shorter time, thus speeding up the response to the emergency. In this work, the aim was to validate with experts from the Rio de Janeiro Firefighters, who already work with drones, by evaluating the utility of the solution in real scenarios.
	Address	Department of Computer Science – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Informatics (PPGI) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Informatics (PPGI) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Computer Science – Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Informatics (PPGI) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, TECNUN, University of Navarra, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-80	ISBN	2411-3466	Medium
	Track	Technologies for First Responders	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	henriquercorreia@gmail.com			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2281
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	Author	Lars Gerhold; Roman Peperhove; Edda Brandes
	Title	Using Scenarios in a Living Lab for improving Emergency Preparedness			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	568-579
	Keywords	Civil Protection, Emergency Preparedness, Scenario, Living Lab, Knowledge Transfer.
	Abstract	Emergency preparedness and management processes are highly influenced by the use of digital technologies. Unfortunately, due to their rapid development, stakeholders from civil protection as well as policy makers often are not aware of new technological possibilities, their potentials and risks. This paper offers a methodological approach to experience evolving technologies by using scenarios in a living lab, equipped with demonstrators from recent research projects. The scenarios are presented to stakeholders from civil protection and policy making by telling a future story about the potential usage of emerging technologies. The Future Security Lab allows addressees to see, understand and use technologies that may become relevant within the next five to ten years and so a profound basis for knowledge transfer is offered. The case study “Digitalization of Emergency Preparedness 2025” demonstrates how scenarios can be used to integrate demonstrators in stories about the future of civil protection. First results of an evaluation provide positive feedback from attendees.
	Address	Freie Universität Berlin; Freie Universität Berlin
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-53	ISBN	2411-3439	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	lars.gerhold@fu-berlin.de			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2254
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	Author	Spyros Chrysanthopoulos; Theofanis Kapetanakis; Giannis Chaidemenos; Stelios Vernardos; Harris Georgiou; Claudio Rossi
	Title	Emergency Response in Recent Urban/Suburban Disaster Events in Attica: Technology Gaps, Limitations and Lessons Learned			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	984-989
	Keywords	First Responders, Search and Rescue, Flash Flood, Urban Wildfire, Urban Operations.
	Abstract	Emergency response operations in large-scale urban/suburban disaster events is often addressed by the standard protocols and international guidelines for collapsed buildings, heavy debris, etc. However, a wide range of First Responder (FR) operations need to address various other contexts, work environments and hazards. In this paper, two real disaster events are explored as use cases for such urban/suburban FR operations, namely a flash flood and a wildfire, both in Attica, Greece (2017-2018). Based on our team's experience from these mobilizations and active participation in both these events as FR actor in the field, we present the challenges, the complexity of such multi-aspect disaster events, the limitations of emergency response, the technology gaps of the FR teams, as well as the lessons learned during these deployments. Finally, we make some notes on future prospects and possible advancements in tools and technologies that would greatly enhance the operational safety and readiness of the FR teams in such events.
	Address	Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); LINKS Foundation
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-88	ISBN	2411-3474	Medium
	Track	Technologies for First Responders	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	harris@xgeorgio.info			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2289
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	Author	Nilani Algiriyage; Raj Prasanna; Emma E H Doyle; Kristin Stock; David Johnston
	Title	Traffic Flow Estimation based on Deep Learning for Emergency Traffic Management using CCTV Images			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	100-109
	Keywords	CCTV Big Data, YOLOv3, Traffic Flow Estimation.
	Abstract	Emergency Traffic Management (ETM) is one of the main problems in smart urban cities. This paper focuses on selecting an appropriate object detection model for identifying and counting vehicles from closed-circuit television (CCTV) images and then estimating traffic flow as the first step in a broader project. Therefore, a case is selected at one of the busiest roads in Christchurch, New Zealand. Two experiments were conducted in this research; 1) to evaluate the accuracy and speed of three famous object detection models namely faster R-CNN, mask R-CNN and YOLOv3 for the data set, 2) to estimate the traffic flow by counting the number of vehicles in each of the four classes such as car, bus, truck and motorcycle. A simple Region of Interest (ROI) heuristic algorithm is used to classify vehicle movement direction such as \quotes{left-lane} and \quotes{right-lane}. This paper presents the early results and discusses the next steps.
	Address	Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University; Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University; Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University; Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University; Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University;
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-10	ISBN	2411-3396	Medium
	Track	AI Systems for Crisis and Risks	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	r.nilani@massey.ac.nz			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2211
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	Author	Xinyuan Zhang; Nan Li
	Title	Assessment of the Correlation between Extreme Weather Event-Induced Human Mobility Perturbation in Urban Areas and their Spatial Characteristics based on Taxi Trajectories			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	366-380
	Keywords	Extreme Weather Event, Human Mobility, Perturbation, Resilience, Spatial Distribution.
	Abstract	Extreme weather events (EWEs) are significant threats to urban regions. One major reflection of such impact is the EWE-induced perturbation to urban human mobility, which has been documented in a number of recent studies. This study aims to examine the spatial distribution of such perturbation within a city among different areas that are characterized by the type of function and the distance to city center. A case study was conducted on a major rainstorm in the City of Nanjing, China in 2017, based on trajectories of all taxis in the city before and during the rainstorm. It was found that the rainstorm caused decrease in people's travel demand throughout the city, although the magnitude of perturbation and level of resilience notably differed among areas of different functional types. In addition, the urban mobility in areas distant from the city center were relatively less influenced by the rainstorm.
	Address	Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-35	ISBN	2411-3421	Medium
	Track	Data and Resilience: Opportunities and Challenges	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	xinyuan-16@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2236
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