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	Author	Miguel Ramirez de la Huerga; Victor A. Bañuls; Pilar Ortiz Calderon; Rocio Ortiz Calderon
	Title	A Delphi-Based Approach for Analysing the Resilience Level of Local Goverments in a Regional Context			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	602-611
	Keywords	Delphi Analysis; Resilience; Regional Context
	Abstract	This article shows the research process carried out by Regional Government of southern Europe, with more than 8 million citizens, to create an Information System to serve as a diagnostic and certification model for the resilience level of the municipalities of that region. This Information System will allow the local authorities of the regional governments to know in what situation they are and what they should do to improve their resilience level. The research framework is based on the best practices in urban resilience. One of the relevant characteristics of the work is the integration of the knowledge of a very heterogeneous group of experts for the identification of the special needs of the target region that has been articulated through a Delphi process.
	Address	MSIG Smart Management; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; Universidad Pablo de Olavide
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-56	ISBN	2411-3442	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	miguelramirezdelahuerga@gmail.com			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2257
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	Author	Milad Baghersad; Christopher W. Zobel; Ravi Behara
	Title	Evaluation of Local Government Performance after Disasters			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	210-217
	Keywords	311 Services, Disaster, Municipal Departments, Resilience.
	Abstract	Monitoring and evaluation can help organizations involved in disasters learn from their responses to prior events and improve their performance over time. Using a data set of non-emergency service requests in New York City (NYC), this paper provides a method to evaluate and compare the performance of local governments in terms of service request response times after different disaster events. In particular, the proposed method can be used to compare such performance across divisions or boroughs in a city. To illustrate this, we evaluate the performance in five of NYC's boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island, across seven major natural disaster events from 2010 to 2012. Our analyses show that Queens and Brooklyn demonstrate better performance than the other boroughs in almost all of the seven events under consideration.
	Address	Florida Atlantic University; Virginia Tech; Florida Atlantic University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-20	ISBN	2411-3406	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	mbaghersad@fau.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2221
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	Author	Mirko Zaffaroni; Claudio Rossi
	Title	Water Segmentation with Deep Learning Models for Flood Detection and Monitoring			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	66-74
	Keywords	Deep Learning, Water Segmentation, Data Validation.
	Abstract	Flooding is a natural hazard that causes a lot of deaths every year and the number of flood events is increasing worldwide because of climate change effects. Detecting and monitoring floods is of paramount importance in order to reduce their impacts both in terms of affected people and economic losses. Automated image analysis techniques capable to extract the amount of water from a picture can be used to create novel services aimed to detect floods from fixed surveillance cameras, drones, crowdsourced in-field observations, as well as to extract meaningful data from social media streams. In this work we compare the accuracy and the prediction performances of recent Deep Learning algorithms for the pixel-wise water segmentation task. Moreover, we release a new dataset that enhances well-know benchmark datasets used for multi-class segmentation with specific flood-related images taken from drones, in-field observations and social media.
	Address	LINKS Foundation, University of Turin, Computer Science Department; LINKS Foundation
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-7	ISBN	2411-3393	Medium
	Track	AI Systems for Crisis and Risks	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	mirko.zaffaroni@linksfoundation.com			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2208
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	Author	Muhammad Imran; Firoj Alam; Umair Qazi; Steve Peterson; Ferda Ofli
	Title	Rapid Damage Assessment Using Social Media Images by Combining Human and Machine Intelligence			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	761-773
	Keywords	Social Media, Damage Assessment, Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing.
	Abstract	Rapid damage assessment is one of the core tasks that response organizations perform at the onset of a disaster to understand the scale of damage to infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings. This work analyzes the usefulness of social media imagery content to perform rapid damage assessment during a real-world disaster. An automatic image processing system, which was activated in collaboration with a volunteer response organization, processed ~280K images to understand the extent of damage caused by the disaster. The system achieved an accuracy of 76% computed based on the feedback received from the domain experts who analyzed ~29K system-processed images during the disaster. An extensive error analysis reveals several insights and challenges faced by the system, which are vital for the research community to advance this line of research.
	Address	Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha, Qatar; Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha, Qatar; Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha, Qatar; Montgomery County, Maryland Community Emergency Response Team United States; Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha, Qatar
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-68	ISBN	2411-3454	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	mimran@hbku.edu.qa			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2269
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	Author	Nasik Muhammad Nafi; Avishek Bose; Sarthak Khanal; Doina Caragea; William H. Hsu
	Title	Abstractive Text Summarization of Disaster-Related Documents			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	881-892
	Keywords	Disaster Reporting; Text Summarization; Information Extraction; Reinforcement Learning; Evaluation Metrics
	Abstract	Abstractive summarization is intended to capture key information from the full text of documents. In the application domain of disaster and crisis event reporting, key information includes disaster effects, cause, and severity. While some researches regarding information extraction in the disaster domain have focused on keyphrase extraction from short disaster-related texts like tweets, there is hardly any work that attempts abstractive summarization of long disaster-related documents. Following the recent success of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in other domains, we leverage an RL-based state-of-the-art approach in abstractive summarization to summarize disaster-related documents. RL enables an agent to find an optimal policy by maximizing some reward. We design a novel hybrid reward metric for the disaster domain by combining \underline{Vec}tor Similarity and \underline{Lex}icon Matching (\textit{VecLex}) to maximize the relevance of the abstract to the source document while focusing on disaster-related keywords. We evaluate the model on a disaster-related subset of a CNN/Daily Mail dataset consisting of 104,913 documents. The results show that our approach produces more informative summaries and achieves higher \textit{VecLex} scores compared to the baseline.
	Address	Kansas State University; Kansas State University; Kansas State University; Kansas State University; Kansas State University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-78	ISBN	2411-3464	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	nnafi@ksu.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2279
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	Author	Nilani Algiriyage; Raj Prasanna; Emma E H Doyle; Kristin Stock; David Johnston
	Title	Traffic Flow Estimation based on Deep Learning for Emergency Traffic Management using CCTV Images			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	100-109
	Keywords	CCTV Big Data, YOLOv3, Traffic Flow Estimation.
	Abstract	Emergency Traffic Management (ETM) is one of the main problems in smart urban cities. This paper focuses on selecting an appropriate object detection model for identifying and counting vehicles from closed-circuit television (CCTV) images and then estimating traffic flow as the first step in a broader project. Therefore, a case is selected at one of the busiest roads in Christchurch, New Zealand. Two experiments were conducted in this research; 1) to evaluate the accuracy and speed of three famous object detection models namely faster R-CNN, mask R-CNN and YOLOv3 for the data set, 2) to estimate the traffic flow by counting the number of vehicles in each of the four classes such as car, bus, truck and motorcycle. A simple Region of Interest (ROI) heuristic algorithm is used to classify vehicle movement direction such as \quotes{left-lane} and \quotes{right-lane}. This paper presents the early results and discusses the next steps.
	Address	Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University; Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University; Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University; Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University; Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University;
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-10	ISBN	2411-3396	Medium
	Track	AI Systems for Crisis and Risks	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	r.nilani@massey.ac.nz			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2211
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	Author	Patricia Quiroz-Palma; Ma Carmen Penadés; Ana-Gabriela Núñez
	Title	Resilience Learning for Emergency Plan Management in Organizations			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	558-567
	Keywords	Resilience, Emergency Management, Training, QuEP, CiET.
	Abstract	Many governments, organizations, practitioners and researchers involved in collaboration on resilience in emergency management are agreed that this is a key aspect. The QuEP+R framework aims to improve resilience in an organization's emergency plan management, in which the stakeholders must be adequately prepared and trained for their responsibilities in the emergency plan, providing techniques that propose the improvement of the emergency plan besides resilience. However, for these techniques to be effective, organizations need the theoretical resilience proposed in QuE+R to be implemented. The CiET framework was designed for this purpose and has learning objectives and training contents related to QuEP+R techniques to train stakeholders. The CiET capability plan contents have been classified by resilience dimensions towards the optimization of resilience in emergency plan management. The integration is supported by I+R-Tool, which generates the capability plans automatically from the results of the QuEP+R assessment, which outcomes in a stakeholder's effective training, contributing to the optimization and improvement of the resilience, therefore, in improving the quality of emergency plans. Hence, the aim remains to search for the continuous improvement of the emergency plan management within organizations.
	Address	ISSI-DSIC, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Spain, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí; ISSI-DSIC, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Spain; ISSI-DSIC, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Spain, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-52	ISBN	2411-3438	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	patquipa@dsic.upv.es			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2253
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	Author	Paulina Potemski; Nada Matta; Patrick Laclémence
	Title	Modelling Women's Living Conditions' in Violence using KM techniques			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	27-34
	Keywords	Women Conditions Life, Violence, Integrism Women Recruitment, Knowledge Management, Living Condition's Improvement, Tradition.
	Abstract	According to the United Nations Secretary General, gender equality has advanced in recent decades we are leaving in unprecedented global efforts to advance on women' empowerment. For example, girls' access to education has improved, the rate of child marriage declined and progress was made in the area of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, including fewer maternal deaths. Nevertheless, gender equality remains a persistent challenge for countries worldwide and the lack of such equality is a major obstacle to sustainable development (Golombok et al, 1994, UNSG report, 2017). There are various inequity factors women confront. Women are the population that suffers most from different forms of discrimination. All of them root women's inferiority, women's dependence and as a matter of consequence, create a vicious circle of a domination system. Domination systems of men over women are all the more pernicious and harsher when combined with extreme poverty, remote living areas and conflicts. We discuss in this paper the fact that women are the population which underlive most difficult living conditions especially when violence and tradition are combined. Modelling life conditions put on the main factors of this violence and its consequences.
	Address	ICD, University of Technologie of Troyes, Troyes, France; ICD, University of Technologie of Troyes, Troyes, France; ICD, University of Technologie of Troyes, Troyes, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-3	ISBN	2411-3389	Medium
	Track	AI Systems for Crisis and Risks	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	paulina.potemski@utt.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2204
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	Author	Pengfei Zhou; Tao Chen; Guofeng Su; Bingxu Hou; Lida Huang
	Title	Research on the Forecasting and Risk Analysis Method of Snowmelt Flood			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	545-557
	Keywords	Snowmelt Flood, Daily Snowmelt, Snow Water Runoff, Risk Analysis, Forecasting Method.
	Abstract	Risk analysis of snowmelt flood is an urgent demand in cold highland areas. This paper focuses on the method for the rapid and reliable forecast of daily snowmelt, snow water runoff, and snowmelt flood risk. A neural network algorithm is used to calculate snow density distribution, snow depth and snow-water equivalent with the brightness temperature data. Then, daily snowmelt is predicted using the degree-day factor method with the temperature distribution. On this basis, we use the steepest descent method and Manning formula with hydrographic information to simulate snow water runoff. We also propose a method to predict the snowmelt flood risk with the geographic feature and historical flood data. The evaluated risk is compared with monitored data in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, which shows good consistency. At last, we develop a risk analysis system to generate the snowmelt flood risk map and provide risk analysis service.
	Address	Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University; Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University; Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University; Beijing Global Safety Technology Co. Ltd.; Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-51	ISBN	2411-3437	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	zpf18@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2252
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	Author	Per-Anders Oskarsson; Magdalena Granåsen; Niklas Hallberg; Mari Olsén
	Title	Modeling of Crisis Management Systems: Results of a Systematic Literature Review			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	435-447
	Keywords	Interorganizational Crisis Management, Crisis Management, System Model, Literature Review
	Abstract	Models are important means to represent, explore, evaluate, and develop systems, such as interorganizational crisis management (ICM) systems. The objective was to explore how ICM systems are represented in the scientific literature, i.e., how ICM systems are modelled. The study was carried out as a systematic literature review. The results are presented as (1) organizational descriptions or models of ICM systems, (2) functional components of ICM systems, (3) analytical approaches used to model ICM systems, and (4) changes of ICM systems. The results revealed that ICM systems are described in various ways, and that descriptions of models are rather based on entities developed by the authors of the publications than on a common framework for describing ICM systems. The identified information on models, functional components, analytical approaches, and changes of the ICM systems provide important input to future work, e.g. comparing different models to determine their strengths and weaknesses.
	Address	Swedish Defence Resarch Agency; Swedish Defence Resarch Agency; Swedish Defence Resarch Agency; Swedish Defence Resarch Agency
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-42	ISBN	2411-3428	Medium
	Track	Enhancing resilient response in inter-organizational contexts: Learning from experience	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	niklas.hallberg@foi.se			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2243
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	Author	Pouyan Fotouhi Tehrani; Niklas von Kalckreuth; Selma Lamprecht
	Title	Toward an Integrative Model of Trust for Digital Emergency Communication			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1012-1021
	Keywords	Trust; Emergency Management; Digital Communication; Modeling
	Abstract	Digital technologies have become an integral enabler of communication during various phases of emergency management (EM). A crucial prerequisite of effective communication between authorities and the public during EM is the establishment of adequate mutual trust. Trust, however, is an elusive concept which is not easily translatable into technical settings. In this paper we propose an integrative model of trust in digital communication and show how such model can be advantageous in assessing and improving trust relations in context of EM. Our interdisciplinary model, which is based on findings from psychology, sociology and computer sciences provides an abstraction which not only seizes both subjective and objective as well as personal and non-personal, \eg institutional or cultural, aspects of trust but at the same time is concrete enough to be applicable to real-life scenarios.
	Address	Weizenbaum Institute, Fraunhofer FOKUS; Weizenbaum Institute, Humboldt University Berlin; Weizenbaum Institute, Fraunhofer FOKUS
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-91	ISBN	2411-3477	Medium
	Track	Usability and Universal Design of ICT for Emergency Management	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	pouyan.fotouhi.tehrani@fokus.fraunhofer.de			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2292
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	Author	Rahul Pandey; Brenda Bannan; Hemant Purohit
	Title	CitizenHelper-training: AI-infused System for Multimodal Analytics to assist Training Exercise Debriefs at Emergency Services			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	42-53
	Keywords	Training Exercise, Emergency Preparedness, AI system, Learning Analytics, Responder Training.
	Abstract	The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies across various real-world applications for human performance augmentation demonstrates an unprecedented opportunity for emergency management. However, the current exploration of AI technologies such as computer vision and natural language processing is highly focused on emergency response and less investigated for the preparedness and mitigation phases. The training exercises for emergency services are critical to preparing responders to perform effectively in the real-world, providing a venue to leverage AI technologies. In this paper, we demonstrate an application of AI to address the challenges in augmenting the performance of instructors or trainers in such training exercises in real-time, with the explicit aim of reducing cognitive overload in extracting relevant knowledge from the voluminous multimodal data including video recordings and IoT sensor streams. We present an AI-infused system design for multimodal stream analytics and lessons from its use during a regional training exercise for active violence events.
	Address	George Mason University; George Mason University; George Mason University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-5	ISBN	2411-3391	Medium
	Track	AI Systems for Crisis and Risks	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	rpandey4@gmu.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2206
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	Author	Richard McCreadie; Cody Buntain; Ian Soboroff
	Title	Incident Streams 2019: Actionable Insights and How to Find Them			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	744-760
	Keywords	Emergency Management, Crisis Informatics, Real-time, Twitter, Categorization.
	Abstract	The ubiquity of mobile internet-enabled devices combined with wide-spread social media use during emergencies is posing new challenges for response personnel. In particular, service operators are now expected to monitor these online channels to extract actionable insights and answer questions from the public. A lack of adequate tools makes this monitoring impractical at the scale of many emergencies. The TREC Incident Streams (TREC-IS) track drives research into solving this technology gap by bringing together academia and industry to develop techniques for extracting actionable insights from social media streams during emergencies. This paper covers the second year of TREC-IS, hosted in 2019 with two editions, 2019-A and 2019-B, contributing 12 new events and approximately 20,000 new tweets across 25 information categories, with 15 research groups participating across the world. This paper provides an overview of these new editions, actionable insights from data labelling, and the automated techniques employed by participant systems that appear most effective.
	Address	University of Glasgow; InfEco Lab, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT); National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-67	ISBN	2411-3453	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	richard.mccreadie@glasgow.ac.uk			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2268
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	Author	Rob Grace
	Title	Hyperlocal Toponym Usage in Storm-Related Social Media			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	849-859
	Keywords	Volunteered Geographic Information, Twitter, Information Behavior, Crisis Informatics, Emergency Management.
	Abstract	Crisis responders need to locate events reported in social media messages that typically lack geographic metadata such as geotags. Toponyms, places names referenced in messages, provide another source of geographic information, however, the availability and granularity of toponyms in crisis social media remain poorly understood. This study examines toponym usage and granularity across six categories of crisis-related information posted on Twitter during a severe storm. Findings show users often include geographic information in messages describing local and remote storm events but do so rarely when discussing other topics, more often use toponyms than geotags when describing local events, and tend to include fine-grained toponyms in reports of infrastructure damage and service disruption and course-grained toponyms in other kinds of storm-related messages. These findings present requirements for hyperlocal geoparsing techniques and suggest that social media monitoring presents more immediate affordances for course-grained damage assessment than fine-grained situational awareness during a crisis.
	Address	Texas Tech University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-75	ISBN	2411-3461	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	rob.grace@ttu.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2276
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	Author	Ryan K. Williams; Nicole Abaid; James McClure; Nathan Lau; Larkin Heintzman; Amanda Hashimoto; Tianzi Wang; Chinmaya Patnayak; Akshay Kumar
	Title	Collaborative Multi-Robot Multi-Human Teams in Search and Rescue			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	973-983
	Keywords	Search \& Rescue; Autonomy; Lost-Person Modeling; GIS; Visualization
	Abstract	Robots such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) deployed for search and rescue (SAR) can explore areas where human searchers cannot easily go and gather information on scales that can transform SAR strategy. Multi-UAV teams therefore have the potential to transform SAR by augmenting the capabilities of human teams and providing information that would otherwise be inaccessible. Our research aims to develop new theory and technologies for field deploying autonomous UAVs and managing multi-UAV teams working in concert with multi-human teams for SAR. Specifically, in this paper we summarize our work in progress towards these goals, including: (1) a multi-UAV search path planner that adapts to human behavior; (2) an in-field distributed computing prototype that supports multi-UAV computation and communication; (3) behavioral modeling that yields spatially localized predictions of lost person location; and (4) an interface between human searchers and UAVs that facilitates human-UAV interaction over a wide range of autonomy.
	Address	Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech; Virginia Tech
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-87	ISBN	2411-3473	Medium
	Track	Technologies for First Responders	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	rywilli1@vt.edu			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2288
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	Author	Samer Chehade; Nada Matta; Jean-Baptiste Pothin; Remi Cogranne
	Title	Ontology-Based Approach for Designing User Interfaces: Application for Rescue Actors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	54-65
	Keywords	Interactions, Modelling, Ontologies, Rescue Operations, User Interface Design.
	Abstract	Nowadays, rescue actors still lack backing to exchange information effectively and ensure a common operational picture. Several studies report a low adoption of communication systems in rescue operations as well as a negative position of actors to such systems. The real needs of stakeholders, simply put, are not satisfied by the offered systems. Observing this circumstance through a user-centred design focal point, we notice that such issues ordinarily originate from inadequate design techniques. For this reason, we aim to implement Rescue MODES, a communication system oriented to support awareness amongst French actors in rescue operations based on their needs. In this paper, we propose an approach and introduce a platform that allows final users to design system interfaces in a customised way. This approach is based on an application ontology and an interaction model.
	Address	Department of Research and Development, DataHertz, Troyes, France; Institut Charles Delaunay, TechCICO, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France; Department of Research and Development, DataHertz, Troyes, France; Institut Charles Delaunay, M2S, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-6	ISBN	2411-3392	Medium
	Track	AI Systems for Crisis and Risks	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	Samer.chehade@datahertz.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2207
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	Author	Sandrine Bubendorff; Caroline Rizza
	Title	The Wikipedia Contribution to Social Resilience During Terrorist Attacks			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	790-801
	Keywords	Wikipedia, Resilience Process, Terrorist Attacks, Social Media.
	Abstract	This paper aims at studying the role of Wikipedia in social resilience processes during terrorist attacks. It discusses how Wikipedia users' specific skills are mobilized in order to make sense of the event as it unfolds. We have conducted an ethnographic analysis of several Wikipedia's terrorist attacks pages as well as interviews with regular Wikipedia's contributors. We document how Wikipedia is used during crisis by readers and contributors. Doing so, we identify a specific pace of contributions which provides reliable information to readers. By discussing the conditions of their trustworthiness, we highlight how historical sources (i.e. traditional media and authorities) support this pace. Our analyses demonstrate that citizens are engaging very quickly in processes of resilience and should be, therefore, considered as relevant partners by authorities when engaging a response to the crisis.
	Address	i3-SES, Telecom Paris, IP Paris, CNRS; i3-SES, Telecom Paris, IP Paris, CNRS
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-70	ISBN	2411-3456	Medium
	Track	Social Media for Disaster Response and Resilie	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	sandrine.bubendorff@telecom-paristech.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2271
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	Author	Spyros Chrysanthopoulos; Theofanis Kapetanakis; Giannis Chaidemenos; Stelios Vernardos; Harris Georgiou; Claudio Rossi
	Title	Emergency Response in Recent Urban/Suburban Disaster Events in Attica: Technology Gaps, Limitations and Lessons Learned			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	984-989
	Keywords	First Responders, Search and Rescue, Flash Flood, Urban Wildfire, Urban Operations.
	Abstract	Emergency response operations in large-scale urban/suburban disaster events is often addressed by the standard protocols and international guidelines for collapsed buildings, heavy debris, etc. However, a wide range of First Responder (FR) operations need to address various other contexts, work environments and hazards. In this paper, two real disaster events are explored as use cases for such urban/suburban FR operations, namely a flash flood and a wildfire, both in Attica, Greece (2017-2018). Based on our team's experience from these mobilizations and active participation in both these events as FR actor in the field, we present the challenges, the complexity of such multi-aspect disaster events, the limitations of emergency response, the technology gaps of the FR teams, as well as the lessons learned during these deployments. Finally, we make some notes on future prospects and possible advancements in tools and technologies that would greatly enhance the operational safety and readiness of the FR teams in such events.
	Address	Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); Hellenic Rescue Team of Attica (HRTA); LINKS Foundation
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-88	ISBN	2411-3474	Medium
	Track	Technologies for First Responders	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	harris@xgeorgio.info			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2289
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	Author	Stefan Schauer; Stefan Rass; Sandra König; Klaus Steinnocher; Thomas Schaberreiter; Gerald Quirchmayr
	Title	Cross-Domain Risk Analysis to Strengthen City Resilience: the ODYSSEUS Approach			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	652-662
	Keywords	Risk Management; Cross-Domain Networks; Interdependencies; Stochastic Model; City Resilience; Critical Infrastructures
	Abstract	In this article, we want to present the concept for a risk management approach to assess the condition of critical infrastructure networks within metropolitan areas, their interdependencies among each other and the potential cascading effects. In contrast to existing solutions, this concept aims at providing a holistic view on the variety of interconnected networks within a city and the complex dependencies among them. Therefore, stochastic models and simulations are integrated into risk management to improve the assessment of cascading effects and support decision makers in crisis situations. This holistic view will allow risk managers at the city administration as well as emergency organizations to understand the full consequences of an incident and plan mitigation actions accordingly. Additionally, the approach will help to further strengthen the resilience of the entire city as well as the individual critical infrastructures in crisis situations.
	Address	AIT Austrian Institute of Technology; Alpen-Adria Universit\"at Klagenfurt; AIT Austrian Institute of Technology;AIT Austrian Institute of Technology;University of Vienna; University of Vienna
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-60	ISBN	2411-3446	Medium
	Track	Resilience in Critical Infrastructures	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	stefan.schauer@ait.ac.at			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2261
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	Author	Stephan Weijman; Kenny Meesters
	Title	Shifting Control and Trust: Exploring Implications of Introducing Delegated Decision Support Systems			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	285-294
	Keywords	Command & Control (C2), Information Systems, Delegated decision-making, Empowerment, Trust & Control.
	Abstract	Increased information access and more intelligent information systems enable more operators in an organization to autonomously make decisions. These delegated decision-making opportunities play an important role during critical events, as operators -such as emergency teams and responders- can work independently and rely less on a centralized decision-making structure. Moreover, the operators' perceived level of trust increases while also limiting the coordinators' perceived control. In this paper, we examine the influence of such systems on the shift in perceived control and empowerment for both operators and commanders. In our experiments, conducted at the Royal Netherlands Air Force, we found that the introduction of these systems indeed affects perceived control and empowerment, specifically as perceived by the coordinator. These factors will play an important role in the effective use of such systems and their transformative effect on an organization. Especially considering the ongoing technical and organizational developments in crisis information management.
	Address	Royal Netherlands Air Force; Tilburg University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-28	ISBN	2411-3414	Medium
	Track	Command & Control Studies	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	s.weijman@mindef.nl			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2229
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	Author	Terje Gjøsæter; Jaziar Radianti; Weiqin Chen
	Title	Towards Situational Disability-aware Universally Designed Information Support Systems for Enhanced Situational Awareness			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2021
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1038-1047
	Keywords	Situational Awareness; Situational Disabilities; Universal Design; Decision Making; Process Model
	Abstract	This paper takes on the challenge of designing situational awareness information systems that take into account not only the prevalence of so-called demons of situational awareness, but also situational disabilities that will typically occur in a disaster situation, both in the control room and in the field among the general public as well as first responders. It further outlines how a situational awareness information system process model can be adapted and used as a basis for designing situational awareness information support systems that address these issues with the help of Universal Design principles.
	Address	Oslo Metropolitan University; University of Agder; Oslo Metropolitan University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-94	ISBN	2411-3480	Medium
	Track	Usability and Universal Design of ICT for Emergency Management	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	tergjo@oslomet.no			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2295
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	Author	Tobias Andersson Granberg; Carl-Oscar Jonson; Erik Prytz; Krisjanis Steins; Martin Waldemarsson
	Title	Sensor Requirements for Logistics Analysis of Emergency Incident Sites			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	952-960
	Keywords	Sensors; Emergency Response Planning; Tracking; Team Interaction
	Abstract	Using sensors to collect data at emergency incident sites can facilitate analysis of the logistic operations. This can be used to improve planning and preparedness for new operations. Furthermore, real-time information from the sensors can serve as operational decision support. In this work in progress, we investigate the requirements on the sensors, and on the sensor data, to facilitate such an analysis. Through observations of exercises, the potential of using sensors for data collection is explored, and the requirements are considered. The results show that the potential benefits are significant, especially for tracking patients, and understanding the interaction between the response actors. However, the sensors need to be quite advanced in order to capture the necessary data.
	Address	Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology; Linköping University, Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science; Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology; Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-85	ISBN	2411-3471	Medium
	Track	Technologies for First Responders	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	tobias.andersson.granberg@liu.se			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2286
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	Author	Tomasz Opach; Carlo Navarra; Jan Ketil Rød; Tina - Simone Neset
	Title	Towards a Route Planner Supporting Pedestrian Navigation in Hazard Exposed Urban Areas			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	517-528
	Keywords	Pedestrian Navigation, Route Planning, Exposure To Heat, Exposure To Flood, Decision Support System.
	Abstract	This study aims to design a route planner functionality that includes real-time context information from physical sensors and citizen observations to support pedestrian navigation in urban areas exposed to extreme heat and floods. Urban population is growing and people living in urban areas are especially exposed to heat and urban flooding, which are two of the anticipated effects of climate change. Route planning functionality can be of value to individual citizens, especially those with limited mobility, as well as for healthcare professionals and authorities who are responsible for crisis response and management. Although the route planner functionality is to be experimentally implemented in a specific tool with the use of broadly available web technologies and real time data, a major generic outcome is the framework that can be used to develop the functionality as part of a decision support tool of any kind.
	Address	Norwegian University of Science and Technology / Linköping University; Linköping University; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Linköping University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-49	ISBN	2411-3435	Medium
	Track	Geospatial Technologies and Geographic Information Science for Crisis Management (GIS)	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	tomasz.opach@ntnu.no			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2250
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	Author	Tomasz Opach; Jan Ketil Rød; Bjørn Erik Munkvold; Jaziar Radianti; Kristine Steen-Tveit; Lars Ole Grottenberg
	Title	Map-based Interfaces for Common Operational Picture			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	506-516
	Keywords	Common Operational Picture, Situational Awareness, Map-based Interface, Cartographic Design, Cartographic Symbolization.
	Abstract	Common operational picture (COP) map-based interfaces display operational information to support integration of emergency responders. Such interfaces integrate different subsystems and present the resulting information into an overview for enabling situation awareness. Literature shows that they are often developed from non-user-centric perspectives and are defined in technological terms that are not adequately capturing the users' needs. Therefore, the aim of this particular work in progress is to get insight into the features and the role of COP map-based interfaces currently being used in Norway to (1) examine their content, functionality, and design; and (2) to understand how such displays are incorporated into the service context. This study structures the knowledge on map displays that constitute part of the COP services. Using workshop and interviews with the developers and users of existing COP map services, we identify requirements for a common operational symbology and common operational functionality to improve such map services and make them interoperable.
	Address	Norwegian University of Science and Technology / Linköping University; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; University of Agder; University of Agder; University of Agder; University of Stavanger
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-48	ISBN	2411-3434	Medium
	Track	Geospatial Technologies and Geographic Information Science for Crisis Management (GIS)	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	tomasz.opach@ntnu.no			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2249
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	Author	Toshihiro Osaragi
	Title	Accessibility Evaluation of Specific Emergency Transportation Roads and Benefits of Seismic Retrofits on Buildings Adjoining Roads			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	Iscram 2020
	Volume		Issue		Pages	143-156
	Keywords	Accessibility of Emergency Vehicle, Specific Emergency Transportation Road, Quake-Resistant-Conversion of Building, Large Earthquake.
	Abstract	Securing the accessibility of emergency vehicles using specific emergency transportation road (SETR) is crucial for the rapid activities of emergency vehicles after a large earthquake. In this paper, we construct a simulation model that describes collapse of roadside buildings and following street blockages, and evaluate the accessibility of emergency vehicles. Performing the simulations, we demonstrate the effects of quake-resistant-conversion of roadside buildings as follows: (1) the accessibility of emergency vehicles using SETR is not good enough under the current situation, but (2) can be significantly improved by performing seismic retrofit of buildings according to seismic index of building structure.
	Address	Tokyo Institute of Technology
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Virginia Tech	Place of Publication	Blacksburg, VA (USA)	Editor	Amanda Hughes; Fiona McNeill; Christopher W. Zobel
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-949373-27-14	ISBN	2411-3400	Medium
	Track	Analytical Modeling and Simulation	Expedition		Conference	17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes	osaragi.t.aa@m.titech.ac.jp			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2215
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