Jan Otten, Bart Van Heijningen, & Jeff Lafortune. (2004). The Virtual Crisis Management Centre: An ICT implementation to canalize information. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 21–26). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: In The Netherlands a special crisis team is active for environmental disasters. This team is called BOT-mi. The Virtual Crisis Management Centre is an application specially made to structure communication and information exchange as a tool to support BOT-mi. This web based application is not only an information website, but it is also an activation page for structural information gathering, notification and mobilization. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004.
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Peter Otto, & Salvatore Belardo. (2006). A theoretical evaluation of information processing resources during organizational crisis. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 262–271). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a model for testing different organizational learning characteristics and their effects on performance rate in times of an unexpected temporary increase in workload. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Yerkes-Dodson law, the stress-buffering effect of coping resources, and established crisis management models, the authors examine the hypotheses of curvilinear and interactional influence of single and double-loop learning on stress levels during crises. Using a simulation model, we identify thresholds in single and double-loop learning environments, where increases in workload lead to dysfunctional effects of stress. The findings indicate support for the hypothesis that an organization that employs double-loop learning is less susceptible to negative stress in times of a crisis. Overall, the study highlights the characteristics of different learning types and its effects on stress. It is suggested that experiments with a simulation model lead to a better understanding of how information processing resources that people have access to in stress events, buffers or protects them from negative effects.
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Svend-Anjes Pahl, & Thomas Thiel-Clemen. (2013). KIS – A crisis team information system. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 632–637). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Widespread crises require the deployment of a crisis team, to coordinate the disaster assistance. Because of their low frequency of occurrence and the extensive assignment of volunteers, often only less practical knowledge in managing widespread crises are available on demand. If such a crisis occurs, the gained knowledge must be quickly shared within the team. Current crisis management systems are designed to manage big amounts of situation facts, crisis teams based their work on. But very often these systems are not able to manage information about the linkage of these facts causing the problems. KIS is the first prototype of a crisis team information system, able to combine an ontology based data model for situation representation with the ability to forecast causal chained and spatially related problems derived on situation facts. KIS is able to store and manage this knowledge so that it can easily be shared with others.
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Gertraud Peinel, Thomas Rose, & Elmar Berger. (2007). Process-oriented risk management for smaller municipalities. In K. Nieuwenhuis P. B. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM 2007 Academic Proceedings Papers (pp. 405–410). Delft: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Project ERMA (Electronic Risk Management Architecture) develops a platform for risk managers that can be cus-tomised to individual risk management scenarios in order to meet the needs of small and medium-sized municipali-ties. Due to their limited resources, smaller boroughs call for flexible and intelligent platforms that can be tailored to a set of risk management scenarios that might range from natural disasters to man-made hazards. This paper will promote a process-oriented stance for supporting emergency management operations. The scope of services ranges from decision support via key-indicators with attached process management system up-to alarming services that incorporate citizen relationship management services to keep the citizen well informed and use him for the capture of additional information.
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Per-Anders Oskarsson, Magdalena Granåsen, Niklas Hallberg, & Mari Olsén. (2020). Modeling of Crisis Management Systems: Results of a Systematic Literature Review. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 435–447). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: Models are important means to represent, explore, evaluate, and develop systems, such as interorganizational crisis management (ICM) systems. The objective was to explore how ICM systems are represented in the scientific literature, i.e., how ICM systems are modelled. The study was carried out as a systematic literature review. The results are presented as (1) organizational descriptions or models of ICM systems, (2) functional components of ICM systems, (3) analytical approaches used to model ICM systems, and (4) changes of ICM systems. The results revealed that ICM systems are described in various ways, and that descriptions of models are rather based on entities developed by the authors of the publications than on a common framework for describing ICM systems. The identified information on models, functional components, analytical approaches, and changes of the ICM systems provide important input to future work, e.g. comparing different models to determine their strengths and weaknesses.
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Per-Anders Oskarsson, Niklas Hallberg, Johan Nordström, Magdalena Granåsen, & Mari Olsén. (2022). Assessment of Collaborative Crisis Management Capability by Generic Questions. In Rob Grace, & Hossein Baharmand (Eds.), ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 385–391). Tarbes, France.
Abstract: Societies need the ability to respond to crises such as terrorism, pandemics and natural disasters. Hence, it is essential to ensure that the capability of crisis management is attained, maintained, and developed. Since large crises cannot be handled by single organizations, collaborative crisis management capability is needed. The objective of this work was to provide support by an instrument for assessment of collaborative crisis management capability. The work was iteratively performed in a workgroup. The outcome was two templates with sets of generic questions, one for assessment of the actual capabilities and one for assessment of the preconditions of the capabilities. The templates mainly focus on assessment of collaborative crisis management capability. However, since the questions are generically formulated, they should be usable for assessments of any type of crisis management capability.
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Pereira, J., Fidalgo, R., Lotufo, R., & Nogueira, R. (2023). Crisis Event Social Media Summarization with GPT-3 and Neural Reranking. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 371–384). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Managing emergency events, such as natural disasters, requires management teams to have an up-to-date view of what is happening throughout the event. In this paper, we demonstrate how a method using a state-of-the-art open-sourced search engine and a large language model can generate accurate and comprehensive summaries by retrieving information from social media and online news sources. We evaluated our method on the TREC CrisisFACTS challenge dataset using automatic summarization metrics (e.g., Rouge-2 and BERTScore) and the manual evaluation performed by the challenge organizers. Our approach is the best in comprehensiveness despite presenting a high redundancy ratio in the generated summaries. In addition, since all pipeline components are few-shot, there is no need to collect training data, allowing us to deploy the system rapidly. Code is available at https://github.com/neuralmind-ai/visconde-crisis-summarization.
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Peter Berggren, Molly Lundberg, Joeri van Laere, & Björn J E Johansson. (2019). Community resilience towards disruptions in the payment system. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: This paper presents a study where nine Swedish citizens were interviewed about their concerns and expectations, from a customer perspective, in relation to a 10 day disruption in the payment system. The purpose of the study was to understand the customer?s perspective in order to provide input to the development of a simulation environment. This simulation environment aims at allowing different stakeholders to experience how a disruption in the payment system affects the local community and thereby create understanding of how resilience is built and affected. The research questions were: What do customers expect to get access to? When? What are customers prepared for? How does this differ among different customer groups? The results indicate some understanding of how such a crisis affects the local community and what the informants expects to happen. The respondents represented a diversity of socio-economic backgrounds from rural and urban parts of the municipality.
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Pettersson, M. N., Axelsson, J., Svenson, P., & Johansson, A. (2023). Towards a Risk Analysis Method for Systems of Systems: A Case Study on Wildfire Rescue Operations. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 530–545). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Crisis management (CM) is facing new challenges due to the increasing complexity of contemporary society. To mitigate a crisis, it is often necessary for a collection of independent systems, people, and organizations to cooperate. These collaborating entities constitute an interconnected socio-technical system of systems (SoS). An important question is how a CM SoS should be constructed to minimize the risk of failure and accurately handle a crisis. SoS pose new challenges in analysing risk during interactions. This paper investigates whether the risk analysis method STAMP (System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) is suitable for SoS, using a forest fire rescue operation case study. Results show characteristics of various risk sources and identify some SoS characteristics, such as dynamic structure and latent risks, that are not sufficiently handled in STAMP. The study further contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting potential directions for research on SoS risk assessment methods.
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Philipp Schwarz, Yan Wang, Stephan Lukosch, & Heide Lukosch. (2017). Policy Gaming for Humanitarian Missions. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 814–823). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: Aid workers increasingly face risks when working in crisis regions. In order to improve effectiveness and safety of humanitarians, it is of great importance to provide a well thought out real-time socio-technical support. Thus, new policies and innovative technological solutions need to be developed and integrated into humanitarian workflows. For the requirements elicitation process to realize this aspiration, we employ a board game approach that confronts players with situations aid workers experience in the field. From the first game session, we learned that the game is a valuable tool. It raises awareness to important challenges and trade-offs that humanitarians face. In addition, it is an effective catalyst for initiating a discussion on which system requirements are needed. Future work will include an update of the board game as well as sessions with the target group of practitioners to inform the development of a socio-technical system for humanitarian aid work.
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Prithviraj Dasgupta, & Deepak Khazanchi. (2019). A Unified Approach Integrating Human Shared Mental Models with Intelligent Autonomous Team Formation for Crisis Management. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Autonomous systems are being exceedingly used to assist humans in various crisis responses scenarios such as earthquakes and nuclear disasters. Because they operate in highly unstructured and uncertain environments, failures are an inherent part of such autonomous systems, and, techniques for making these systems robust to failures arising from computer hardware, software or communication malfunctions are already integrated into their design. However, an important aspect while designing such systems is often times overlooked: how to better coordinate and communicate across distributed, possibly diverse human teams who are working in cooperation with autonomous systems into the design of the autonomous system itself. Unfortunately, this results in limited adoption of autonomous systems in real-life crisis scenarios. In this working paper, we describe ongoing work that attempts to address this deficit by integrating research on shared mental models between humans with techniques for autonomous agent team formation in the context of search and rescue scenarios.
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Pär Hans Tuve Eriksson, & Niklas Hallberg. (2019). Design to Fit – Morphological Analysis as a Tool for Exercise Design. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Exercises are considered as vital to develop and sustain crisis management capabilities. An exercise may have a role both as a provider of knowledge about the crisis management system, and its performance, and as a driver of change through training of individuals, groups and organizations. However, the relationship between the design and characteristics of a specific exercise, and the usability of its results in the development of the crisis management system is not well-understood. The objective of this paper is to explore if a morphological field can be used to investigate this relationship. Such a field was designed and evaluated. Even though this field was relatively simple, it was concluded that it provides results that deepen the understanding of how different types of exercises can contribute to the development of the crisis management system.
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Amy Rankin, Rita Kovordanyi, Joris Field, & Henrik Eriksson. (2012). Instructor's tasks in crisis management training. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: In crisis management exercises the instructor's performance is critical to the success of the training. It is their responsibility to monitor and evaluate the exercise, as well as appropriately adjust and adapt the scenario to the unfolding events. Despite the importance of the instructor's skills in crisis management training little has been documented regarding successful methods or common pitfalls. The study presented in this paper is exploratory and aimed at investigating how instructors monitor and control large scale crisis management exercises. The results are intended to be used as a basis for further investigation on how instructors can be supported in virtual reality training systems. A summary of results from interviews is presented and followed by observations reports from two live exercises. Finally, key areas for instructor support in virtual-reality training systems are identified. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Raquel Gimenez, Leire Labaka, Jose Mari Sarriegi, & Josune Hernantes. (2015). Development of a Virtual Community of Practice on Natural Disasters. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: This research identifies from literature principles of successful Virtual Communities of Practice (VCoPs) and explains how they have been fulfilled in the development of a VCoP that aims at contributing to knowledge sharing on natural disasters. The developed VCoP involves 70 experts in dealing with natural disasters from different hierarchical levels, organizations and nationalities of Europe. The VCoP has been developed within a European project from the 7th framework program. During the project three workshops were arranged for the members of the VCoP to know each other and to develop a living document. The living document is a web based tool used by the VCoP to share documents and insights, and it helps VCoP members networking. This paper provides direction for developing a VCoP to exchange lessons learned reports among crisis managers and first responders, and it identifies barriers that hinder the use of the living document.
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Carin Rencrantz, Niclas Karlsson, & Rolf Olsson. (2012). A concept for inter-organizational crisis management exercises. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: A large inter-organizational Swedish crisis management exercise was carried out during two months in 2011. It was unique in the sense that it combined both short-term and long-term crisis management involving more than 60 organizations and 6000 participants. This has never been done before in this context and therefore required an elaborated and sophisticated exercise concept. The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of the exercise as well as lessons learned about the concept and the Swedish crisis management system. The exercise was composed of three different phases each involving different methods with respect to exercising and evaluating effective and efficient crisis management. The general conclusion is that the exercise enabled analyzes and handling of both short-term and long-term crisis management. This implies that the exercise concept could be of great use in Sweden and other countries where emergencies call for cooperation between numerous distributed organizations. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Christian Reuter, Volkmar Pipek, & Claudia Mueller. (2009). Computer supported collaborative training in crisis communication management. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Crisis management requires stakeholders to not only show strategic, organisational preparedness for crisis events (e.g. by systematising and professionalizing coping work), but also to develop skills to deal with unanticipated events and other stakeholders involved in the same crisis. They should not only rely on established information flows and behaviour patterns, but should be able to deal with situational aspects. This usually involves communication work within and between organisations involved in crisis management. We describe the practice of the crisis communication training of a German electricity provider and the prototype we developed, implemented and evaluated. The collaborative training tool targets not only the local practice, but aims at inter-organisational trainings that would also allow improving the mutual understanding for communication practices and information needs of other stakeholders.
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Christian Reuter, Volkmar Pipek, Torben Wiedenhöefer, & Benedikt Ley. (2012). Dealing with terminologies in collaborative systemsfor crisis management. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: This paper presents approaches on how to deal with terminological ambiguities (different understandings of terms in heterogeneous groups of actors) in collaborative systems. First we will give some insight on the conceptual and theoretical foundation surrounding the 'triangle of reference', a model of how linguistic symbols are related to the objects they represent. Then we will describe the results of our exploratory empirical study, which was conducted in Germany, and dealt with inter-organisational crisis communication. Based on this, we will then deduce requirements necessary for supporting and dealing with terminologies, and propose technical approaches for collaborative systems. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Jozef Ristvej., Tomas Lovecek, & Katarína Kampová. (2010). eSEC – Competency based e-portal of security and safety engineering. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: The main focus of the preparing electronic portal “eSEC – Competency Based e-portal of Security and Safety Engineering” – eSEC-portal, is to establish web system, which would be new tool in process of learning for students and professionals in fields focusing on security studies, safety studies and crisis management. eSEC-portal aims on preparing connections among students, teachers, professionals and experts. This interface will bring qualitative improvement for learning process of students and we suppose more activities from them in professional and scientific work. Students will have possibility to compare actual questions and problems on other institutions, in scientific and professional environment. Teachers will be able to get feedback from professionals, colleagues and students. Through the e-portal will increase the employability of the e-portal users by directly linking competencies required by employers with competencies which are available for students on the e-portal and which are not a part of the educational system.
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Anthony C. Robinson, Robert E. Roth, & Alan M. MacEachren. (2010). Challenges for map symbol standardization in crisis management. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: A wide range of local, regional, and federal authorities will generate maps to help respond to and recover from a disaster. It is essential that map users in an emergency situation can readily understand what they are seeing on these maps. Standardizing map symbology is one mechanism for ensuring that geospatial information is interpretable during an emergency situation, but creating an effective map symbol standard is a complex and evolving task. Here we present preliminary results from research into the application of the ANSI 415-2006 INCITS Homeland Security Map Symbol Standard, a point symbol standard intended to support emergency management mapping for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. This standard has so far not been widely adopted across the full range of DHS missions, and we elaborate on key issues and challenges that should be accounted for when developing future map symbol standards for crisis management.
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Jakob Rogstadius, Claudio Teixeira, Evangelos Karapanos, & Vassilis Kostakos. (2013). An introduction for system developers to volunteer roles in crisis response and recovery. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 874–883). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Technological advances, such as software tools for citizen reporting, first responder support, and online collaborative information management and mapping, are enabling new or improved forms of volunteering in humanitarian crisis. However, the change is largely driven by the technical community and many proposed solutions are never integrated into community response efforts, indicating mismatches between designs and real world needs. This paper offers readers with a technical background insight into roles, goals and constraints of humanitarian crisis response. In particular, we present three seemingly conflicting views regarding how citizens can contribute to response activities as spontaneous volunteers. With examples from two field studies and grounded in literature review, we integrate the three viewpoints into a framework explaining how the roles of volunteers and trained professionals shift with increasing severity and scale of a crisis. Based on this framework, we also discuss high-level opportunities for supporting crisis response with new software tools.
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Leon J.M. Rothkrantz. (2013). Crisis management using multiple camera surveillance systems. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 617–626). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: During recent disasters such as tsunami, flooding, hurricanes, nuclear disaster, earthquake people have to leave their living areas for their own safety. But it proves that some people are not informed about the evacuation, or are not willing or able to leave or don't know how to leave the hazardous areas. The topic of the paper is how to adapt current video surveillance systems along highway and streets to semi-automatic surveillance systems. When a suspicious event is detected a human operator in the control room has to be alerted to take appropriate actions. The architecture of the system and main modules are presented in the paper. Different algorithms to detect localize and track people are published by the authors elsewhere but are summarized in the current paper. The system has been tested in a real life environment and the test results are presented in the paper.
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Heiko Roßnagel, & Jan Zibuschka. (2011). Using mobile social media for emergency management – A design science approach. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Over the last couple of years social networks have become very popular and part of our daily lives. With the emergence of powerful smartphones and cheap data rates social media can now be accessed anytime and anywhere. Obviously, it makes sense to also facilitate social media for crisis management and response. In this contribution we present a system design for emergency support based on mobile social media with an emphasis on increasing security during large public events. We follow the design science approach as we provide an artifact design along with a description of its implementation and evaluate our artifact using the simulation study methodology. As a result of this study we gained valuable insight into how the users interact with our system and obtained information on how to improve it. Overall the users were quite satisfied with the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use of our system.
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Jan Rudinsky, & Ebba Thora Hvannberg. (2011). Consolidating requirements analysis models for a crisis management training simulator. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper presents a requirements model of the activities of the response phase of a crisis management simulator. The model was constructed based on three types of incidents in three different countries, and it derives from extensive requirements elicitations in meetings, field visits and workshops with a broad range of stakeholders from multiple agencies. A second contribution of the paper is the application of work model consolidation and lessons learned therefrom. A third contribution of the paper is an analysis of the similarities and differences of three different crisis management systems in the transport sector in three different European countries.
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Jan Rudinsky, & Ebba Thora Hvannberg. (2013). Communication interface for virtual training of crisis management. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 125–134). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Since crisis management training requires extensive resources, a computer-simulated environment where communication plays a crucial role, can be an effective and efficient way to complement real-life training. With the aim of designing a simplified communication interface for a training simulator, this paper analyzes the complex communication network of crisis management, based on observations of a real-life, large-scale exercise of emergency services. Three research objectives were pursued to reach this goal. The results show that a selection of the most useful communication metaphors suggests that face-to-face and radio should be provided in a virtual environment. Consolidation of the communication groups highlights two groups, namely, the first responders and commanders. And, the analysis of the communication flow identifies different roles and the information flow between and within the groups. With this approach we aim to provide a single, multi-role interface that will be easily scalable and reconfigurable, while saving implementation costs.
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Jouke Rypkema, Guido Te Brake, & Marcel Van Der Lee. (2006). Reachback in crisis management: Lessons learned from the military domain. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 554–558). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Military and crisis management organizations show many similarities. Within the military domain, a study is being done on the use of reachback concepts for the Royal Netherlands Army (RNLA) brigade staff. This paper shows that the results are applicable to the crisis management domain. However, there are differences between the two domains as well. Therefore, the reachback concepts should be tailored to the crisis management domain. The Interactive Collaborative Information Systems (ICIS) game-based simulation platform offers a suitable environment to develop these concepts and test them.
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