Ana María Cintora, Eva Teresa Robledo, Cristina Gomez, Raquel Lafuente, Ricardo García, & Cristina Horrillo. (2022). Analysis of the Chemical Incidents from Seveso Directive according to Direct Fatalities and Injuries. In Rob Grace, & Hossein Baharmand (Eds.), ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 1058–1067). Tarbes, France.
Abstract: This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the eMARS database, which contains compulsory information on major chemical incidents under the SEVESO Directive. This analysis serves to assess the installations with the highest number of direct fatalities and injuries. At present, the data collected to assess the status of chemical accident risk globally are rather limited. There are some sources of data on chemical accidents in government and industry that might be used to estimate the frequency and severity of some types of events, but they are far from providing a complete perspective that covers all chemical accidents, thus limiting the possibilities of obtaining a more homogeneous picture of the risk of chemical accidents worldwide. Waste storage, treatment and disposal is one of the industrial areas with the highest number of fatalities and injuries, so we must emphasize the importance of this type of industry within the risk maps.
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Andrew J. Hampton, Shreyansh Bhatt, Alan Smith, Jeremy Brunn, Hemant Purohit, Valerie L. Shalin, et al. (2017). Constructing Synthetic Social Media Stimuli for an Emergency Preparedness Functional Exercise. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 181–189). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: This paper details the creation of a massive (over 32,000 messages) artificially constructed 'Twitter' microblog stream for a regional emergency preparedness functional exercise. By combining microblog conversion, manual production, and a control set, we created a web-based information stream providing valid, misleading, and irrelevant information to public information officers (PIOs) representing hospitals, fire departments, the local Red Cross, and city and county government officials. Addressing the challenges in constructing this corpus constitutes an important step in providing experimental evidence that complements observational study, necessary for designing effective social media tools for the emergency response setting. Preliminary results in the context of an emergency preparedness exercise suggest how social media can participate in the work practice of a PIO concerning the assessment of the disaster and the dissemination of information within the emergency response organization and to the public.
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Gaston C. Armour, & Hero Tameling. (2011). Collaborative relationships are key to community resilience and emergency preparedness. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: The United States of America experienced two major incidents that changed the countrys perspective on emergency preparedness: September 11, 2001 World Trade Center attacks, and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Since that time the United States Department of Homeland Security established 10 separate Regional Catastrophic Planning Teams (RCPT) around the country. These RCPTs were set-up to inform, train and determine the effectiveness of mutual-aid coordination and prepare individuals, families and communities for an “all-hazard” environment. As RCPT members representing one state agency providing human services, the authors proposed an initiative, based on a working model they had already deployed in their own agency, to enhance emergency preparedness activities to include individual and community resiliency along with disaster and catastrophic planning. That request to expand the RCPT role, opened-up a dialogue to develop an innovative approach to collaborative partnerships. This shift afforded additional opportunities in times of a crisis, disaster or catastrophe.
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Avgoustinos Filippoupolitis, Lachlan MacKinnon, & Liz Bacon. (2015). A Survey on Emergency Preparedness of EU citizens. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Population preparedness plays a crucial role in disaster management since it can help reduce the number of victims and restrict damage. Nevertheless, little work has been done at a European level towards preparing populations to learn how to cope with disasters and involving them in the disaster management process. In this paper we present the preliminary results of an on-line emergency preparedness survey circulated among EU citizens, which aims to identify and analyse people?s behaviour in terms of preparedness, first reaction, risk awareness and willingness to engage in preparedness actions. Our preliminary analysis, based on over 1200 participants, indicates that although EU populations have a high capability for participation in emergency response, their preparedness level is low. We also found that national differences are a significant factor affecting individual preparedness behaviour and awareness of risks.
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Victor A. Bañuls, Murray Turoff, & Joaquin Lopez. (2010). Clustering scenarios using cross-impact analysis. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Scenarios are frequently used in Emergency Planning and Preparedness. These scenarios are developed based on the hypothesis of occurrence or not of significant events. This is a complex process because of the interrelations between events. This fact, along with the uncertainty about the occurrence or non-occurrence of the events, makes the scenario generation process a challenging issue for emergency managers. In this work a new step-by-step model for clustering scenarios via cross-impact is proposed. The authors. proposal adds tools for detecting critical events and graphical representation to the previous scenario-generation methods based on Cross-Impact Analysis. Moreover, it allows working with large sets of events without using great computational infrastructures. These contributions are expected to be useful for supporting the analysis of critical events and risk assessment tasks in Emergency Planning and Preparedness. Operational issues and practical implications of the model are discussed by means of an example.
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Aaron Burgman, Nikhil Kalghatgi, Erika Darling, Chris M. Newbern, Kristine Recktenwald, Shawn Chin, et al. (2006). Emergency data analysis via semantic lensing. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 334–338). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Emergency situations often play out over extended geographic regions and can present response personnel with numerous types of data at various level of detail. Such data may be displayed in mapping software tools that organize the data into layers. Sufficiently complex scenarios can result in dense, occluded, and cluttered map displays. We investigated a localized, detail-on-demand filtering strategy called semantic lensing that in certain situations provides a more efficient and desirable approach than filtering global layers for mitigating clutter and occlusion. An initial formal user study with these semantic lenses has shown their value in aiding decision makers during tasks that might occur during detection of and response to emergency situations. Completion times are significantly faster when using lenses, and workloads are significantly lower. Future work will evaluate additional features and task-specific applicability, and may support the distribution of such a lens tool to emergency preparedness and response personnel.
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Elia Chepaitis. (2004). The impact of Y2K on crisis management: Widening the stakeholder circle for crisis prevention and response. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 111–113). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Although Y2K was neither an accident nor an unanticipated challenge, the millennium debugging represented a watershed event for crisis response and management, and the range of effects remains relevant in 2004. Not only information systems professionals, but also leaders and professionals in every application area saw computer systems as subsystems of their areas of responsibility and accountability. The acknowledged dependence of government, healthcare, utilities, transportation, services, and communications on reliable information systems widened the circle of stakeholders for crisis prevention, response, and management. Emergency preparedness and broad systems approaches to disaster and contingency planning were enhanced by the ubiquitous multi-year Y2K effort. The author emphasizes the investments, learning, leadership, and commitment in information systems control that occurred as part of the prevention stage of crisis management as a result of Y2K. The simultaneity, high stakes, and ubiquity of the millennium crisis permanently altered the circle of players with vested interests in and responsibility for information systems control. From government agencies to households, users realized that the scope of information systems design and reliability must extend beyond computer engineers and information systems professionals to ensure the general good. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004.
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Gonçalo De Jesus, Anabela Oliveira, Maria A. Santos, & João Palha-Fernandes. (2010). Development of a dam-break flood emergency information system. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper presents a new information system, SAGE-B, structured to support all fundamental data related to dams and the elements associated to an emergency in case of a dam-break flood. Data such as information about the population located in the areas at risk or the vehicles available for rescue that are located in the areas impacted by the predicted flood are always changing. In order to support an effective update of the required information for emergency management, an emergency information system was conceived and proposed. This paper describes the motivation for this research and the basic requirements from an emergency management perspective. The platform has a modular architecture, developed in open and free technologies, which allows a continuous development and improvement. Examples of future developments include a multichannel emergency warning system, flood wave real-time forecast and dam-breaching real-time monitoring models.
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Bruna Diirr, & Marcos R. S. Borges. (2013). Applying software engineering testing techniques to evaluate emergency plans. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 758–763). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: An emergency plan is an important artifact used throughout emergencies. Therefore, it is crucial that this plan covers the different scenarios faced by emergency team and that the prescribed procedures generate the desired results. To achieve these goals, emergency plans need to be exhaustively tested prior to its adoption. Emergency teams usually use simulation to test plans, but it is an expensive approach, demanding the building of complex environments and tools to get realistic situations. To be ready to go through a simulation exercise, a plan should not have many or critical mistakes, otherwise the simulation exercise would be wasted. We present a paired approach to evaluate emergency plans before simulation exercises, by applying software engineering testing techniques: Formal technical review (FTR) and mutation testing. The expected result is a plan more ready to go through simulation, as many of the mistakes are eliminated prior to simulation.
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Douglas A. Samuelson, Matthew Parker, Austin Zimmerman, Loren Miller, Stephen Guerin, Joshua Thorp, et al. (2008). Agent-based simulations of mass egress after Improvised Explosive Device attacks. In B. V. de W. F. Fiedrich (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 59–70). Washington, DC: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: For the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security, we developed agent-based computer simulation models of mass egress from a stadium and a subway station following one or more attacks with Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs.) Anti-IED countermeasures we modeled included improved guidance to exits, baffles to absorb shock and shrapnel, and, for the stadium, egress onto the playing field. We found improved real-time information systems that provide better guidance to exits would substantially expedite egress and could reduce secondary (trampling and crush) casualties. Our results indicate that models like these can be useful aids to selecting countermeasures, and for training, preparation and exercises. We also discuss the unusual problems such models pose for real-time event management and for validation and evaluation.
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Edward Ruiz. (2015). System Information Management for Risk Reduction (GIRE System) in Schools of Costa Rica. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: The generation of resilient learning communities has become a priority for the national government of Costa Rica, recognizing the importance of incorporating a cross-cutting component of risk management in the education sector of the country. However, this process must be accompanied by appropriate access to information to enable decision-making in the field of planning. This prototype seeks to establish itself as an alternative solution to reduce gaps in information in the context of risk reduction in schools.
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Simon French, Naomi Chambers, Duncan Shaw, Alan Boyd, Russell King, & Alison Whitehead. (2012). A scoping study of R&D needs in emergency planning in UK healthcare systems. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: Driven by events such as terrorist outrages and pandemics, the 21 st century has seen substantial changes in how countries plan for and manage emergencies across health care systems. Aside from changes in the pattern, type and scale of emergency, emergency preparedness must respond to developments in medical knowledge and treatment, and in information and communication technologies, particularly social networking. This report describes a scoping study of research and development (R&D) needs with regard to emergency planning in health care undertaken by the authors in the UK. We discuss the design of the study, difficulties in its conduct and, via a reference to the published final report, indicate its conclusions. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Glenn I. Hawe, Duncan T. Wilson, Graham Coates, & Roger S. Crouch. (2012). STORMI: An agent-based simulation environment for evaluating responses to major incidents in the UK. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: This paper describes work-in-progress regarding STORMI, an agent-based simulation environment for evaluating the response by the emergency services to hypothetical major incidents in the UK. At present, STORMI consists of two main components: a Scenario Designer and a Simulator. The Scenario Designer enables the setting up of a hypothetical multi-site mass casualty incident anywhere in the UK, along with the resources which may be considered for responding to it. This provides input to the Simulator, which through its Multiple Program Multiple Data architecture, models the agents and their environment at a higher level of detail inside incident sites than it does outside, thus focusing attention on the areas of most interest. Furthermore, the multiple programs of the Simulator execute concurrently, thus targeting multi-core processors. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Arthur H. Hendela, Xiang Yao, Murray Turoff, Starr Roxanne Hiltz, & Michael J. Chumer. (2006). Virtual emergency preparedness gaming: A follow-up study. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 450–459). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Planning processes, including simulations and games, can help emergency workers to prepare for the unexpected. Rehearsal using software based gaming techniques not only helps planning, but is also cost effective. Computer-based groupware systems can make experts available regardless of location. A new approach, Virtual Simulation (VS), uses networking to create a flexible learning and planning environment. To date two prototype trials of this approach have been implemented at NJIT with major revamps between each one. This paper gives the results of the latest prototype trial, a simulation of attacks on university computer centers. The insights from this second prototype trial of virtual simulation will help us to improve the design and approach for future offerings.
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Philippe Kruchten, Carson Woo, Kafui Monu, & Mandana Sotoodeh. (2007). A human-centered conceptual model of disasters affecting critical infrastructures. In K. Nieuwenhuis P. B. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM 2007 Academic Proceedings Papers (pp. 327–344). Delft: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Understanding the interdependencies of critical infrastructures (power, transport, communication, etc.) is essential in emergency preparedness and response in the face of disasters. Unfortunately, many factors (e.g., unwillingness to disclose or share critical data) prohibited the complete development of such an understanding. As an alternative solution, this paper presents a conceptual model-an ontology-of disasters affecting critical infrastructures. We bring humans into the loop and distinguish between the physical and social interdependencies between infrastructures, where the social layer deals with communication and coordination among representatives (either humans or intelligent agents) from the various critical infrastructures. We validated our conceptual model with people from several different critical infrastructures responsible for disasters management. We expect that this conceptual model can later be used by them as a common language to communicate, analyze, and simulate their interdependencies without having to disclose all critical and confidential data. We also derived tools from it.
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Kimmo Laakso. (2012). On improving emergency preparedness and management with Delphi. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: An emergency brings together a group of individuals who often represent different organizations, resources, and roles. In order to be able to make the right decisions, individuals need to understand each other although they may be from different lines of business. In our research the target is to stress the importance of a common language in emergency management. Our plan is to gather a group representing the authorities, i.e. public sector actors, and a group representing companies, i.e. private sector actors, to communicate with the Delphi method on possible differences in the language used in different lines of business. The aim of this paper is to discuss the possibilities of using the Delphi method to make improvements to emergency management and to evaluate which kinds of organizations should be represented in our Delphi panel. This paper forms a part of a larger research study, the results of which will be useful, for example when improving the interoperability of management and communications systems. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Lars Gerhold, Roman Peperhove, & Edda Brandes. (2020). Using Scenarios in a Living Lab for improving Emergency Preparedness. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 568–579). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: Emergency preparedness and management processes are highly influenced by the use of digital technologies. Unfortunately, due to their rapid development, stakeholders from civil protection as well as policy makers often are not aware of new technological possibilities, their potentials and risks. This paper offers a methodological approach to experience evolving technologies by using scenarios in a living lab, equipped with demonstrators from recent research projects. The scenarios are presented to stakeholders from civil protection and policy making by telling a future story about the potential usage of emerging technologies. The Future Security Lab allows addressees to see, understand and use technologies that may become relevant within the next five to ten years and so a profound basis for knowledge transfer is offered. The case study “Digitalization of Emergency Preparedness 2025” demonstrates how scenarios can be used to integrate demonstrators in stories about the future of civil protection. First results of an evaluation provide positive feedback from attendees.
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John B. McCabe, Usha Satish, & William Grant. (2005). Training to defend: A multifaceted approach to all hazards preparedness and planning for terrorism. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2005 – 2nd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 191–194). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: In most nations, continued concern exists regarding the potential for acts of terrorism. Healthcare providers, specifically those in Emergency Medicine, will find themselves in the forefront of responding to such events. Training for Emergency Preparedness for all potential hazards is critical. Many approaches to training in individual for All Hazard Preparedness exist. The authors describe a multifaceted approach to training for All Hazards Preparedness and planning for terrorism. The approach includes classroom exercises designed specifically at understanding hazardous material threats, high fidelity patient simulation, strategic management simulation, and simulated care exercises in a non-hospital based emergency department facility. The authors believe that this multifaceted training will provide the broadest most potentially useful training and evaluation for emergency providers to ensure optimal response in times of any and all future terrorist attacks.
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Paul McGinnity, David Pollard, & David Dawson. (2004). A management information system to support the radiological protection institute of Ireland's emergency response role: Design and implementation. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 39–44). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: A recent review of the procedures covering the RPII's responsibilities under the National Emergency Plan for Nuclear Accidents has shown the need for a management information system (MIS) to support the organisation's operational plan for emergency preparedness and response. This paper describes the design objectives and the development of a prototype version of this system. Specific functions of the MIS are highlighted along with a description of the motivation behind their development. This very simple MIS has already helped RPII staff members to operate more efficiently. Finally, some ideas for future development are outlined. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004.
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Jens Pottebaum, Robin Marterer, & Steffen Schneider. (2014). Taxonomy of IT support for training emergency response & management. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 374–378). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: Training is a prerequisite for effective and efficient emergency response and management. Information technology (IT) offers high potential to support various educational methods and environments. One example for interdependent use cases is given by planning, controlling, observation and debriefing of training exercises. Dedicated IT systems are available to support these use cases; nevertheless, there is no joint understanding of system use cases, types and functionality as a fundament for scientific and technological progress. This work in progress paper presents results of literature and market research complemented by expert interviews leading to a taxonomy of relevant IT components and systems.
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Rahul Pandey, Brenda Bannan, & Hemant Purohit. (2020). CitizenHelper-training: AI-infused System for Multimodal Analytics to assist Training Exercise Debriefs at Emergency Services. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 42–53). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies across various real-world applications for human performance augmentation demonstrates an unprecedented opportunity for emergency management. However, the current exploration of AI technologies such as computer vision and natural language processing is highly focused on emergency response and less investigated for the preparedness and mitigation phases. The training exercises for emergency services are critical to preparing responders to perform effectively in the real-world, providing a venue to leverage AI technologies. In this paper, we demonstrate an application of AI to address the challenges in augmenting the performance of instructors or trainers in such training exercises in real-time, with the explicit aim of reducing cognitive overload in extracting relevant knowledge from the voluminous multimodal data including video recordings and IoT sensor streams. We present an AI-infused system design for multimodal stream analytics and lessons from its use during a regional training exercise for active violence events.
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Min Song, & Peishih Chang. (2008). Automatic extraction of abbreviation for emergency management websites. In B. V. de W. F. Fiedrich (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 93–100). Washington, DC: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: In this paper we present a novel approach to reduce information proliferation and aid better information structure by automatically generating extraction of abbreviation for emergency management websites. 5.7 Giga Byte web data from 624 emergency management related web sites is collected and a list of acronyms is automatically generated by proposed system (AbbrevExtractor). Being the first attempt of applying abbreviation extraction to the field, this work is expected to provide comprehensive and timely information for emergency management communities in emergency preparedness, training and education. Future work is likely to involve more data collection and intelligent text analysis for dynamically maintaining and updating the list of acronyms and abbreviations.
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Murray Turoff, Connie White, Linda Plotnick, & Starr Roxanne Hiltz. (2008). Dynamic emergency response management for large scale decision making in extreme events. In B. V. de W. F. Fiedrich (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 462–470). Washington, DC: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Effective management of a large-scale extreme event requires a system that can quickly adapt to changing needs of the users. There is a critical need for fast decision-making within the time constraints of an ongoing emergency. Extreme events are volatile, change rapidly, and can have unpredictable outcomes. Large, not predetermined groups of experts and decision makers need a system to prepare for a response to a situation never experienced before and to collaborate to respond to the actual event. Extreme events easily require a hundred or more independent agencies and organizations to be involved which usually results in two or more times the number of individuals. To accomplish the above objectives we present a philosophical view of decision support for Emergency Preparedness and Management that has not previously been made explicit in this domain and describe a number of the current research efforts at NJIT that fit into this framework.
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Murray Turoff, & Victor A. Bañuls. (2011). Major extensions to Cross-Impact Analysis. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: In recent years Cross-Impact Analysis (CIA) has resurged as a powerful tool for forecasting the occurrence or not of a set of interrelated events in complex situations, such as emergencies. In this sense, CIA can be used for creating working models out of significant events and crisis scenarios. CIA has been combined with other methodological approaches in order to increase its functionality and improve its final outcome. This is the case of the merger of CIA and the technique called Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The CIA-ISM approach aims at contributing to CIA with tools for detecting critical events and supporting graphical representation of scenarios. In this paper, major extensions to CIA-ISM are presented. These extensions are based on the inclusion of initial condition events and outcome events as two new event types that make CIA-ISM much richer in its potential span of application areas. The practical implications of these major extensions to CIA-ISM are illustrated with an example. The usefulness of this contribution to researchers and practitioners concerned with emergency planning and preparedness is also discussed.
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Murray Turoff, Michael J. Chumer, Xiang Yao, Joseph Konopka, & Bartel A. Van De Walle. (2005). Crisis planning via scenario development gaming. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2005 – 2nd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 207–212). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: This paper introduces a particular approach to improving the planning process in emergency preparedness. This involves the specification of a competitive game to have opposing defense and offense teams develop and improve their respective plans for defense and offense.
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