Cecilia Hammar Wijkmark, & Ilona Heldal. (2020). Virtual and Live Simulation-Based Training for Incident Commanders. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 1154–1162). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: Computer and virtual simulation-based training (CST) offer several benefits for emergency response and management preparedness. However, organizations responsible for training are often hesitant to use CST, based on cost and perceived lack of benefit when compared to live simulation training (LST). This paper investigates how CST can complement LST, and how it contributes to achieving the necessary learning objectives for level one fire and rescue service incident commanders (ICs). Data and examples come from an experimental study with students from different fire and rescue services trained in the role of the IC in LST and CST, in a similar scenario. Results show the cost and benefits of the CST implementation based on evaluations from learners, instructors and responsible managers. Participants had a positive attitude towards using virtual simulations, but the results also point to barriers regarding the suitable design of learning scenarios and implementation.
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Cecilia Hammar Wijkmark, Ilona Heldal, & Maria-Monika Metallinou. (2021). Experiencing Immersive VR Simulation for Firefighter Skills Training. In Anouck Adrot, Rob Grace, Kathleen Moore, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings – 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 913–921). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: Virtual Reality (VR) technology has gained interest for training in many domains, including firefighter education and training. However, there is hesitation in accepting immersive VR technology, especially for skills training. This paper examines the results from a field study investigating how first-time users experience immersive VR comparing with hot fire live simulation (HF-LS) training, a training involving several human senses. This study included nineteen firefighter students, eight instructors, and seven experienced firefighters using a VR technology simulating fire, smoke, heat, and via haptic feedback hose and pressure experiences. Data investigating user experiences were collected through questionnaires and observations. The results show that experienced firefighters valued the training using this VR technology higher than students. Further findings illustrate a difference between different user groups regarding expectations on the realism of simulated representations. For example, the visual realism of the smoke and the fire was more appreciated by experienced firefighters than students and instructors.
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Josey Chacko, Loren P Rees, & Christopher W. Zobel. (2014). Improving resource allocation for disaster operations management in a multi-hazard context. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 85–89). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: The initial impact of a disaster can lead to a variety of associated hazards. By taking a multi-hazard viewpoint with respect to disaster response and recovery, there is an opportunity to allocate limited resources more effectively, particularly in the context of long-term planning for community sustainability. This working paper introduces an approach for extending quantitative resource allocation models to consider multiple interrelated hazards. The discussion is motivated by a literature review of existing models and then focuses on changes necessary to take the multiplicity of hazards into consideration in the context of decision support systems for disaster operations management.
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Madhavi M. Chakrabarty, & David Mendonça. (2005). Design considerations for information systems to support critical infrastructure management. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2005 – 2nd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 13–18). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: This paper develops a set of design considerations for information systems to support the management of interdependent critical infrastructure systems. Constraints on how these systems are managed are oriented along technical, political and organizational dimensions, though objectives along these dimensions may conflict and thus be difficult to satisfy. This paper harnesses methodologies from software engineering and cognitive science in order to specify opportunities for using information systems to support human-centered management of critical infrastructure systems. The particular focus of this work is on developing information systems to support visualization and visual problem solving. Progress to date is discussed in terms of an ongoing research project which uses as a test-bed data associated with lower Manhattan (New York, USA).
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Chalioris, C. E., A. Papadopoulos, N., Sapidis, G., C. Naoum, M., & Golias, E. (2023). EMA-based Monitoring Method of Strengthened Beam-Column Joints. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 853–873). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints (BCJ) are crucial structural components, primarily during seismic excitations, so their structural health monitoring (SHM) is essential. Additionally, BCJ of existing old RC frame structures usually exhibits brittle behavior due to insufficient transverse reinforcement. To alter the brittle behavior of BCJ, an innovative reinforcing technique has been employed, accompanied by a real-time SHM system. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (C-FRP) rope as near surface-mounted (NSM) reinforcement has been utilized as external reinforcement of the column and the joint panel. The use of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers for real-time SHM of BCJ sub-assemblages was investigated. Statistical damage indices, such as RMSD and MAPD, were employed to quantify the damage. Furthermore, an innovative approach based on hierarchical clustering was introduced. The experiment results revealed that the damage level of the reference and the retrofitted specimens were successfully diagnosed with PZT transducers.
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Jennifer L Chan, Robert Colombo, & Altaf Musani. (2012). Mapping libyan health facilities – A collaboration between crisis mappers and the world health organization. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: This practitioner report describes a recent example of the growing opportunities between humanitarian health organizations and the crisis mapping community. The World Health Organization (WHO) partnered with volunteer crisis mappers to quickly collect information and map over 600 health facilities after the 2011 Libya Crisis. This new collaboration between WHO staff, volunteers, technologists, GIS specialists, health cluster partners and a researcher helped provide health and geographic information to support the planning phases of an in-depth countrywide health facility assessment. Outcomes of this collaboration will also aid recovery and reconstructions efforts for the Libyan health system. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Chanthujan Chandrakumar, Raj Prasanna, Max Stephens, Marion Lara Tan, Caroline Holden, Amal Punchihewa, et al. (2023). Algorithms for Detecting P-Waves and Earthquake Magnitude Estimation: Initial Literature Review Findings. In V. L. Thomas J. Huggins (Ed.), Proceedings of the ISCRAM Asia Pacific Conference 2022 (pp. 138–155). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey Unversity.
Abstract: Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS) plays a major role during an earthquake in alerting the public and authorities to take appropriate safety measures during an earthquake. Generally, EEWSs use three types of algorithms to generate alerts during an earthquake; namely: source-based, ground motion or wavefield-based and on-site-based approaches. However, source-based algorithms are commonly used in most of EEWSs worldwide. A source-based EEWS uses a particular time frame of the P-wave of an earthquake to estimate the source parameters such as magnitude and the location of that earthquake with the support of P-wave detection and earthquake magnitude and location estimation algorithms. As the initial step of a research project which aims to explore the best use of P-waves to generate earthquake alerts, this Work in Progress paper (WiPe) presents the initial partial findings from an ongoing literature review on exploring the algorithms used for P-wave detection and earthquake magnitude estimation.
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Anthony Charles, Matthieu Lauras, & Rolando Tomasini. (2009). Learning from previous humanitarian operations, a business process reengineering approach. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Uncertainty and risks are part of humanitarians' daily routine. Most of the time, infrastructures are damaged or non-existent, the political climate is highly volatile, communication means are insufficient, and so on. Therefore, humanitarian organizations often have to find original methods to implement their supply chains. They may also face recurrent problems, that requires them to change the way they operate. And yet, as they lack the time and resources to reflect on the lessons learnt, most of their best practices and issues are neither captured nor communicated. The aim of the study is thus to propose a framework to capitalize humanitarians' knowledge and know-how, to analyze both gaps and best practices and learn from one operation to another. To this end, we propose a framework derived from traditional Enterprise Modelling tools, adapted to fit relief chains' specificities. Field applications are then given to illustrate our approach and its beneficial effects.
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Chauhan, A. (2023). Humor-Based COVID-19 Twitter Accounts. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 417–427). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Crisis Named Resources (or CNRs) are social media pages and accounts named after a crisis event. Using the COVID-19 Pandemic as a case study, we identified and examined the role of CNRs that shared humor on Twitter. Our analyses showed that humor-based CNRs shared virus-related rumors, stigma, safety measures, opinions, sarcasm, and news updates. These resources also shared the overall anger and frustration over the year 2020. We conclude by discussing the critical role of humor based CNRs in crisis response.
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Javier Mulero Chaves, & Cristina Parraga Niebla. (2013). Design of an enhanced interface for composition of alert messages: Methodology and results. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 507–511). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Alerting the population during crisis using available communication systems can significantly reduce the impact of emergency situations. However, the understanding of the alert and trust by recipients is influenced by the alert message content and style. It is therefore desirable that alert messages are formulated with sufficient information and in a style that eases understanding of the message and fosters trust, so that the recommended protective actions are actually undertaken. Within the EU Alert4All project, an alert message dispatcher is being currently implemented, which disseminates alert messages through multiple communication systems in a harmonized manner, fostering best practices in the formulation of alert messages in a user-friendly manner. The design of the dispatcher features and graphical user interface was supported by a field practitioner workshop with participants from different European countries. This paper describes the workshop methodology, its results and the impact on the message dispatcher design.
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Han Che, & Shuming Liu. (2013). Monitoring data identification for a water distribution system based on data self-recognition approach. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 166–170). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Detecting the occurrence of hydraulic accidents or contamination events in the shortest time has always been a significant but difficult task. The simple and efficient way is to identify the sudden changes or outliers hidden in the vast amounts of monitoring data produced minute by minute, which is unpractical for human. A new method, which employs a data self-recognition approach to achieve that automatically, has been proposed in this paper. The autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model was employed in this research to construct the self-recognition model. 56 months monitoring data from Changping water distribution network in Beijing, which was firstly cut into different time-slice series, was used to establish the ARMA model. This provided a prediction confidence interval in order to identify the outliers in the test data series. The results showed a good performance in outlier identification and the accuracy ranges from 90% to 95%.Thus, the ARMA model showed great potential in dealing with monitoring data and achieving the expected performance of data self-recognition technology.
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Albert Y. Chen, Feniosky Peña-Mora, Saumil J. Mehta, Stuart Foltz, Albert P. Plans, Brian R. Brauer, et al. (2010). A GIS approach to equipment allocation for structural stabilization and civilian rescue. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Efficient request and deployment of critical resources for urban search and rescue operations is vital to emergency response. This paper presents a RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) supported system for on-site data collection to communicate structural condition, to track search and rescue status, and to request and allocate appropriate resources. The system provides a unified interface for efficient posing, gathering, storing and sharing of building assessment information. Visualization and easy access of such information enables rescuers to response to the disaster with better situational awareness. Resource requests are sent to the GIS resource repository service that enables a visual disaster management environment for resource allocation. Request and deployment of critical resources through this system enables lifesaving efforts, with the appropriate equipment, operator, and materials, become more efficient and effective. System development at the Illinois Fire Service Institute has shown promising results.
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Nong Chen, & Ajantha Dahanayake. (2006). Personalized situation aware information retrieval and access for crisis response. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 214–222). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Crisis response is an information intensive process, which produces or consumes large quantities of information from different relief organizations. Although personalized information retrieval and access has been realized as an efficient means to accelerate information acquisitions, most IT enabled applications in the fields can only provide uniform information to all the involved relief organizations. The traditional centralized design principle dominantly used to address the inter-organizational information accesses over boundaries is no longer feasible due to its lack of flexibility and adaptability to deal with dynamically changing information needs caused by the unpredictable nature of the crises. In this paper we present our ongoing research regarding a plug and play service architecture for personalized, situation aware information retrieval and access services, which offers a new way of thinking about the retrieval of personalized information in the context of crisis response.
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Chiara Bassetti, Roberta Ferrario, & Maria Luiza M. Campos. (2015). Airport security checkpoints: an empirically-grounded ontological model for supporting collaborative work practices in safety critical environments. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Resulting from an interdisciplinary endeavor, the paper proposes an ontological model for supporting collaborative work practices in critical settings, and shows its application to a specific domain. The model is empirically-grounded, as based on ethnographic research carried out at an international airport ?clearly an example of safety-critical environment, where emergency prevention and preparedness are crucial. On the other hand, the model leverages on previous ontological work on collaboration and observation in emergency response, and revises it when necessary, thus contributing to its development. Taking hand-baggage screening as an example, the paper shows how the model can be applied, and how it could be used to run model-based simulation in order to better understand collaborative work practices and analyze the impact of different techno-organizational changes on such practices and their effectiveness. This could result in suggesting guidelines for enhancing workflow, security policies and, more generally, time- and safety-critical situations management.
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Soudip Roy Chowdhury, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Amer-Yahia, S., & Carlos Castillo. (2013). Tweet4act: Using incident-specific profiles for classifying crisis-related messages. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 834–839). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: We present Tweet4act, a system to detect and classify crisis-related messages communicated over a microblogging platform. Our system relies on extracting content features from each message. These features and the use of an incident-specific dictionary allow us to determine the period type of an incident that each message belongs to. The period types are: Pre-incident (messages talking about prevention, mitigation, and preparedness), during-incident (messages sent while the incident is taking place), and post-incident (messages related to the response, recovery, and reconstruction). We show that our detection method can effectively identify incident-related messages with high precision and recall, and that our incident-period classification method outperforms standard machine learning classification methods.
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Chris Hagar. (2015). Public Library Partnerships with Local Agencies to Meet Community Disaster Preparedness and Response Needs. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: This paper reports on the initial findings of the first phase of a study funded by San Jose State University, USA to provideinsightregardinghowpubliclibrariescanbe moreinvolvedincommunity-wide disasterplanning,strengtheningtheirroleascoremembersof theircommunities?disasterpreparedness and responseinfrastructure. The first phase of the study involves a nationwide survey of public library directors and library staff who are involved in coordinating disaster planning for their institutions. A survey was carried out during December 2014 and January 2015 to explorewhatpubliclibrariescanbringtocommunity-wideplanningefforts and thetypesofpartnershipsthatarepossible. The findingswillprovidelibraryleaderswithvaluableinsighton how to proactivelyengageindialogueandplanningwiththeirlocalemergencymanagement community. The second phase emerging from the research will involve follow-up in-depth explorations of the exemplary disaster planning models.
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Christian Flachberger, & Eduard Gringinger. (2016). Decision Support for Networked Crisis & Disaster Management ? A Comparison with the Air Traffic Management Domain. In A. Tapia, P. Antunes, V.A. Bañuls, K. Moore, & J. Porto (Eds.), ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings ? 13th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract: This paper is about European networked crisis and disaster management and how to achieve more intelligent decision support and better collaboration. Although collaboration processes are established, the underlying information management tools today don?t support integrated electronic information management in multi-organizational scenarios. This leads to a fragmentation of relevant information into pieces held by different stakeholders. Recently, the concept of the Common Information Space has been introduced as possible solution. This paper looks to the domain of Air Traffic Management where a similar problem was tackled by a concept called System Wide Information Management. The paper starts with describing the operational context, the unresolved needs, and the derived requirements. Experiences from the Air Traffic Management domain are gathered and compared with current solution concepts from the public safety domain. The paper concludes with lessons learned during the on-going development in the public safety domain.
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Christian Iasio, Ingrid Canovas, Elie Chevillot-Miot, & Tendry Randramialala. (2022). A New Approach to Structured Processing of Feedback for Discovering and Investigating Interconnections, Cascading Events and Disaster Chains. In Rob Grace, & Hossein Baharmand (Eds.), ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 285–298). Tarbes, France.
Abstract: Post-disaster information processing is relevant for the continuous improvement of operations and the reductionof risks. The current methodologies for post-disaster review suffer from several limitations, which reduce their use as a way of translating narrative in data for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Learning or effective knowledge sharing need a common formalism and method. Ontologies are the reference tool for structuring information in a “coded” data structure. Using the investigation of disaster management during the 2017 hurricane season in the French West Indies within the scope of the ANR “APRIL” project, this contribution introduces a methodology and a tool for providing a graphical representation of experiences for post-disaster review and lessons learning, based on a novel approach to case-based ontology development.
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Christian Reuter, Gerhard Backfried, Marc-André Kaufhold, & Fabian Spahr. (2018). ISCRAM turns 15: A Trend Analysis of all ISCRAM-Papers 2004-2017. In Kees Boersma, & Brian Tomaszeski (Eds.), ISCRAM 2018 Conference Proceedings – 15th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 445–458). Rochester, NY (USA): Rochester Institute of Technology.
Abstract: In 2004, Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) was a new area of research. Pioneering researchers from different continents and disciplines found fellowship at the first ISCRAM work-shop. Around the same time, the use of social media in crises was first recognized in academia. In 2018, the 15th ISCRAM conference will take place, which gives us the possibility to look back on what has already been achieved with regard to IT support in crises using social media. With this article, we examine trends and devel-opments with a specific focus on social media. We analyzed all papers published at previous ISCRAMs (n=1339). Our analysis shows that various platforms, the use of language and coverage of different types of disasters follow certain trends – most noticeably a dominance of Twitter, English and crises with large impacts such as hurricanes or earthquakes can be seen.
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Christian Reuter, Marc-André Kaufhold, & René Steinfort. (2017). Rumors, Fake News and Social Bots in Conflicts and Emergencies: Towards a Model for Believability in Social Media. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 583–591). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: The use of social media is gaining more and more in importance in ordinary life, but also in conflicts and emer-gencies. The social big data, generated by users, is partially also used as a source for situation assessment, e.g. to receive pictures or to assess the general mood. However, the information's believability is hard to control and can deceive. Rumors, fake news and social bots are phenomenons that challenge the easy consumption of social media. To address this, our paper explores the believability of content in social media. Based on foundations of infor-mation quality we conducted a literature study to derive a three-level model for assessing believability. It summa-rizes existing assessment approaches, assessment criteria and related measures. On this basis, we describe several steps towards the development of an assessment approach that works across different types of social media.
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Christian Siemen, Roberto dos Santos Rocha, Roelof P. van den Berg, Bernd Hellingrath, & João Porto de Albuquerque. (2017). Collaboration among Humanitarian Relief Organizations and Volunteer Technical Communities: Identifying Research Opportunities and Challenges through a Systematic Literature Review. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 1043–1054). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: Collaboration is the foundation to strengthen disaster preparedness and for effective emergency response actions at all levels. Some studies have highlighted that remote volunteers, i.e., volunteers supported by Web 2.0 technologies, possess the potential to strengthen humanitarian relief organizations by offering information regarding disaster-affected people and infrastructure. Although studies have explored various aspects of this topic, none of those provided an overview of the state-of-the-art of researches on the collaboration among humanitarian organizations and communities of remote volunteers. With the aim of overcoming this gap, a systematic literature review was conducted on the existing research works. Therefore, the main contribution of this work lies in examining the state of research in this field and in identifying potential research gaps. The results show that most of the research works addresses the general domain of disaster management, whereas only few of them address the domain of humanitarian logistics.
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Christoph Lamers. (2022). Electronic Visualization for Situational Awareness in Control Rooms. In Rob Grace, & Hossein Baharmand (Eds.), ISCRAM 2022 Conference Proceedings – 19th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 1008–1011). Tarbes, France.
Abstract: It is generally agreed in crisis management that a comprehensive visualization of the situation is crucial for an appropriate situational awareness of the staff personnel in control rooms. Therefore an expert group of fire officers in the German State North Rhine Westphalia developed a system for this purpose known as the “tactical wall”. The core of the system is a situation map of the relevant area with so-called tactical signs, i. e. defined graphic symbols for hazards, response units and tactical measures. Moreover, the assignment of response units to tactical sectors or staging areas as well as other relevant information such as the management organization is displayed at defined places within the wall. While the system was purely manual in its original version, a new digital version was recently developed. The user interfaces of this system are web-based and can by intuitively operated after a minor training effort.
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Christopher W. Zobel, Milad Baghersad, & Yang Zhang. (2017). Calling 311: evaluating the performance of municipal services after disasters. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 164–172). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: As part of a movement towards enabling smart cities, a growing number of urban areas in the USA, such as New York City, Boston, and Houston, have established 311 call centers to receive service requests from their citizens through a variety of platforms. In this paper, for the first time, we propose to leverage the large amount of data provided by these non-emergency service centers to help characterize their operational performance in the context of a natural disaster event. We subsequently develop a metric based on the number of open service requests, which can serve as the basis for comparing the relative performance of different departments across different disasters and in different geographic locations within a given urban area. We then test the applicability and usefulness of the approach using service request data collected from New York City's 311 service center.
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Michael J. Chumer, & Murray Turoff. (2006). Command and control (C2): Adapting the distributed military model for emergency response and emergency management. In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 465–476). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: The military use of Command and Control (C2) has been refined over centuries of use and developed through years of combat situations. This C2 model is framed as process, function, and organization, suggesting that emergency response organizations and emergency management structure their non military C2 and subsequent response scenarios within the C2 framework established in this paper.
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Angela I. Chung, Jesse F. Lawrence, & Carl Christensen. (2013). Evaluating the integrability of the quake-catcher network (QCN). In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 386–390). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: This paper reviews the Quake-Catcher Network (QCN), a distributed computing seismic network that uses lowcost USB accelerometers to record earthquakes, and discusses the potential to incorporate QCN stations with traditional seismic networks. These very dense urban networks could then be used to create a working earthquake early warning system, as has been shown by our preliminary tests of the QCN in Christchurch, New Zealand. Although we have not yet attempted to add traditional seismometers to the QCN or supplement existing seismic networks with QCN sensors, we suggest that to do so would not be difficult, due to the simple nature of our network.
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