Heiko Roßnagel, & Jan Zibuschka. (2011). Using mobile social media for emergency management – A design science approach. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Over the last couple of years social networks have become very popular and part of our daily lives. With the emergence of powerful smartphones and cheap data rates social media can now be accessed anytime and anywhere. Obviously, it makes sense to also facilitate social media for crisis management and response. In this contribution we present a system design for emergency support based on mobile social media with an emphasis on increasing security during large public events. We follow the design science approach as we provide an artifact design along with a description of its implementation and evaluate our artifact using the simulation study methodology. As a result of this study we gained valuable insight into how the users interact with our system and obtained information on how to improve it. Overall the users were quite satisfied with the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use of our system.
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Samer Chehade, Nada Matta, Jean-Baptiste Pothin, & Remi Cogranne. (2020). Ontology-Based Approach for Designing User Interfaces: Application for Rescue Actors. In Amanda Hughes, Fiona McNeill, & Christopher W. Zobel (Eds.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 54–65). Blacksburg, VA (USA): Virginia Tech.
Abstract: Nowadays, rescue actors still lack backing to exchange information effectively and ensure a common operational picture. Several studies report a low adoption of communication systems in rescue operations as well as a negative position of actors to such systems. The real needs of stakeholders, simply put, are not satisfied by the offered systems. Observing this circumstance through a user-centred design focal point, we notice that such issues ordinarily originate from inadequate design techniques. For this reason, we aim to implement Rescue MODES, a communication system oriented to support awareness amongst French actors in rescue operations based on their needs. In this paper, we propose an approach and introduce a platform that allows final users to design system interfaces in a customised way. This approach is based on an application ontology and an interaction model.
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Johannes Sautter, Janina Hofer, Sven Wirth, Wolf Engelbach, Matthias Max, Tanel Tenso, et al. (2014). Local-specific resource planning for mass casualty incidents. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 503–507). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: In the situation of mass casualty incidents in Germany the questions that always remain are what and how much resources are needed to provide the best response. Furthermore, there are many local-specific constraints that exist, such as the density of hospitals nearby, what their surgery capacities are like, the distance between the local rescue bases and the incident scene as well as the level of preparedness of first responders. This paper describes an organisational approach to elaborate the specific tactical strategies that take part in preparedness planning. Furthermore, this paper will give insight and explore a simulation information system to support local medical response managers in elaborating those strategies in an office environment.
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Elly Searle. (2010). What is the best possible design for all my users?: A single question to guide user-centered design in low-resource environments. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper discusses how methodological frameworks are often too cumbersome to be used in full by field workers in low-resource environments. When time, money, and political capital are scarce, there often isn't time to follow every prescribed step. This research looks at helping field workers incorporate user-centered design when creating technology solutions through a single-question framework. It follows the author's case study of considering different wording for the single question, and then describes her experience implementing the lightweight framework while redesigning an attendance system for Entity Green Training in Jordan. The method is promising as an efficient way to expand one's thinking during the design process, but needs more testing to validate its benefits for workers who lack training in user-centered design methods. This research is particularly valuable for people working in low-resource environments where they lack the time and money to iteratively fix problematic designs.
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Shane Errol Halse, Andrea Tapia, Anna Squicciarini, & Cornelia Caragea. (2016). An Emotional Step Towards Automated Trust Detection in Crisis Social Media. In A. Tapia, P. Antunes, V.A. Bañuls, K. Moore, & J. Porto (Eds.), ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings ? 13th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract: To this date, research on crisis informatics has focused on the detection of trust in Twitter data through the use of message structure, sentiment, propagation and author. Little research has examined the effects of perceived emotion of these messages in the crisis response domain. Toward detecting useful messages in case of crisis, we examine perceived emotions of these messages and how the different emotions affect the perceived usefulness and trustworthiness. Our analysis is carried out on two datasets gathered from Twitter concerning hurricane Sandy in 2012 and the Boston Bombing 2013. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in the perceived emotions that contribute towards the perceived trustworthiness and usefulness. This could have impacts on how messages from social media data are analyzed for use in crisis response.
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Shane Errol Halse, Andrea Tapia, Anna Squicciarini, & Cornelia Caragea. (2016). Tweet Factors Influencing Trust and Usefulness During Both Man-Made and Natural Disasters. In A. Tapia, P. Antunes, V.A. Bañuls, K. Moore, & J. Porto (Eds.), ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings ? 13th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract: To this date, research on crisis informatics has focused on the detection of trust in Twitter data through the use of message structure, sentiment, propagation and author. Little research has examined the usefulness of these messages in the crisis response domain. Toward detecting useful messages in case of crisis, in this paper, we characterize tweets, which are perceived useful or trustworthy, and determine their main features. Our analysis is carried out on two datasets (one natural and one man made) gathered from Twitter concerning hurricane Sandy in 2012 and the Boston Bombing 2013. The results indicate that there is a high correlation and similar factors (support for the victims, informational data, use of humor and type of emotion used) influencing trustworthiness and usefulness for both disaster types. This could have impacts on how messages from social media data are analyzed for use in crisis response.
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Patrick C. Shih, Kyungsik Han, & John M. Carroll. (2014). Community incident chatter: Informing local incidents by aggregating local news and social media content. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 772–776). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: The emergence of social media provides an additional channel for broadcasting information to the public and support two-way communication between governmental stakeholders and the public during crisis. Research has focused on large-scale events, and few have investigated how social media can contribute to civic awareness and participation of small-scale incidents in a community-oriented context. Moreover, social media have been criticized because it is overabundant with noisy, inaccurate, and unprofessional information that are often misleading. This presents a serious challenge for community members to identify information that are relevant to a local incident. We introduce Community Incident Chatter (CIC), a smartphone application that is designed to aggregate information reported by formal news agencies and social media surrounding local incidents. Participants in a preliminary user study indicate that the community-oriented information presented in CIC is informative, relevant to the community, and has the potential of empowering community residents for responding to and managing local incidents.
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Simon French, Nikos Argyris, Jim Q. Smith, Stephanie Haywood, & Matthew C. Hort. (2017). Uncertainty Handling during Nuclear Accidents. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 15–24). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: In the years following Chernobyl, many reports and projects reflected on how to improve emergency management processes in dealing with an accidental offsite release of radiation at a nuclear facility. A common observation was the need to address the inevitable uncertainties. Various suggestions were made and some of these were researched in some depth. The Fukushima Daiichi Disaster has led to further reflections. However, many of the uncertainties inherent in responding to a threatened or actual release remain unaddressed in the analyses and model runs that are conducted to support the emergency managers in their decision making. They are often left to factor in allowances for the uncertainty through informal discussion and unsupported judgement, and the full range of sources of uncertainty may not be addressed. In this paper, we summarise the issues and report on a project which has investigated the handling of uncertainty in the UK's national crisis cell. We suggest the R&D programmes needed to provide emergency managers with better guidance on uncertainty and how it may affect the consequences of taking different countermeasures.
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Steven Sheetz, Andrea Kavanaugh, Edward Fox, Riham Hassan, Seungwon Yang, Mohamed Magdy, et al. (2019). Information Uses and Gratifications Related to Crisis: Student Perceptions since the Egyptian Uprising. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: People use diverse sources of information, e.g., newspapers, TV, Internet news, social media, and face-to-face
conversations, to make sense of crises. We apply uses and gratifications theory (UGT) and structural equation
modeling to illustrate how using internet-based information sources since the political uprisings in Egypt influence
perceptions of information satisfaction. Consistent with expectations we find that content and process gratifications
constructs combine to explain information satisfaction, while social gratifications do not significantly influence
satisfaction in the context of a crisis. This suggests that UGT is useful for evaluating the use of information
technology in a context where information is limited in quantity and reliability.
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Milica Stojmenovic, Cathy Dudek, Patrick Noonan, Bruce Tsuji, Devjani Sen, & Gitte Lindgaard. (2011). Identifying user requirements for a CBRNE management system: A comparison of data analysis methods. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to identify an effective user-requirements data analysis method for informing the design of a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) management decision support system. Data were collected from a large simulation involving medical, police, hazmat/firefighters and subjected to three different kinds of analysis methods: Social Network Analysis, Content Analysis, and Observational Analysis. While all three methods yielded valuable information, the observational method was by far the best for the present purpose.
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Teun Terpstra, & Hanneke Vreugdenhil. (2011). Filling in the blanks: Constructing effective flood warning messages using the Flood Warning Communicator (FWC). In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper reports the progress that is being made in developing a software tool (the Flood Warning Communicator, FWC) that helps communication professionals constructing effective flood-warning messages. The program provides authorities with a warning message that contains open spaces where event specific information can be inserted. The program uses a database containing (parts of) phrases. Based on the specific situation, a communication professional receives the most suitable standard phrase by clicking on information buttons in a user interface. Together, the phrases form the warning message that sometimes requires minor adjustments such that it suits the specific circumstances. FWC is a well working prototype that allows constructing messages for web sites and short text messages (sms). Research is needed to test and validate these warning messages. In addition, cooperation with public authorities is necessary to make the program suitable for local circumstances (e.g., safety regions and municipalities).
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Thomas Usländer, & Ingo Simonis. (2015). Geospatial ICT Support for Crisis Management and Response. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Efficient crisis response and management requires well-informed actors and stakeholders and effective means for communication and policy enforcement. A secure and dependable geospatial information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure may be an indispensable aid if it is tailored to the needs of the respective risk and crisis management phases and the various users.
During an ISCRAM 2015 workshop experts of the risk and crisis management community meet software architects and engineers of the geospatial domain. The objective is to investigate use cases and map them to capabilities of an underlying geospatial ICT infrastructure. The workshop shall launch a sustainable discussion between ISCRAM and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), especially its Emergency and Disaster Management (EDM) domain working group, beyond ISCRAM 2015.
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Tilo Mentler. (2017). Applying Usability Engineering to Interactive Systems for Crisis and Disaster Management. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 929–938). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: Crisis and disaster management are increasingly characterized by interactive systems intended to be valuable support for professionals and volunteers in preventing, preparing for, responding to and recovering from major incidents and accidents. Therefore, usability in terms of safe and efficient usage of computer-based solutions becomes a crucial factor for successful crisis and disaster management. In order to ensure usability, it has to be addressed systematically throughout any development process. In this paper, established engineering approaches to crisis and disaster management systems are summarized. Subsequently, resemblances (e.g. diversity of users and devices) and differences (e.g. scalability) between safety-critical contexts of medical device design and crisis management are outlined. Following this, recommendations for applying usability engineering processes to disaster management are derived from standards and guidelines according to medical device design (IEC 62366-1:2015, ISO 14971:2007). Particularly, relationships and interactions between usability engineering and risk managements measures (e.g. hazard-related use scenarios) are described.
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Toshihiro Osaragi. (2015). Spatiotemporal Distribution of Automobile Users: Estimation Method and Applications to Disaster Mitigation Planning. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: When discussing human casualties from a severe earthquake with regard to urban disaster mitigation planning, it is important to clarify the characteristics of the spatiotemporal distribution of people. In this paper, we construct a model that estimates the spatiotemporal distribution of automobile users using data from the Person Trip Survey and the Road Traffic Census. We use this model to estimate the spatiotemporal distribution of automobile users in Tokyo and demonstrate several ways to apply this data to urban disaster mitigation planning.
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Karim Touloum, Djilali Idoughi, Ahmed Seffah, & Camille-Rosenthal Sabroux. (2013). Scenarios + touchpoints = A method for analyzing crisis situations and designing management and rescue services. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 497–501). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: The increase of natural, industrial disasters and diverse crisis has stimulated more research interest to developing new forms of services support in the decision making process. To effectively prepare, mitigate and deal with such disasters, the prior of the people experiences involved in crisis preparedness and rescue need to be captured and used as a basis knowledge in existing and innovative services design. In this paper, we propose a scenario-based method for collecting and structuring the service user experience (UX), taking into account of the relevant user-service encounter through service touchpoints. The proposed method is applied to a crisis management case study.
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Simon Tucker, Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Neil Ireson, Alfonso Sosa, Gregoire Burel, & Fabio Ciravegna. (2012). Straight to the information I need: Assessing collational interfaces for emergency response. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: Collational interfaces gather information from a range of sources and present them to users. Information overload is tackled by processing information in the back-end and providing interactive means to filter and browse data. Such interfaces have applications in emergency response – giving users the right information to act effectively. In this paper we explore a collational interface for emergency response, carrying out a user study that compares it to a paper based interface and one which presents data without collating it. We demonstrate that a collational interface allows users to build a picture of an emergency, but not necessarily in less time. © 2012 ISCRAM.
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Elina Valtonen, Ronja Addams-Moring, Teemupekka Virtanen, Antti Järvinen, & Mikael Moring. (2004). Emergency announcements to mobile user devices in geographically defined areas. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 151–156). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: When emergency announcements (EA) to a population in a crisis area are needed, avoiding single points of failure in the EA sending and forwarding systems is essential. We present a new concept, an extension to existing EA sending systems, which is based on real-time location information about mobile devices. Such a solution would increase the EA sending systems' robustness through redundancy and technology diversity. At the same time, these mobile emergency announcement (MEA) sending systems would increase the percentage of the threatened population that can be reached fast. The proposition is based on a set of requirements for EA sending systems, the most important of which turned out to be ensuring the authenticity and integrity of the EA information content. We found our preliminary results too optimistic: current GSM networks should not be used for sending EAs, as it is quite possible to forge SMS text messages, even to multiple GSM phones in a specific target area. The next generations of mobile phone networks (3G/UMTS and 4G) seem more promising, due to their packet-oriented architectures, as each data packet can be stamped with verifiable information about the source of the data. However, the development of communications networks with features compatible with MEA sending will demand that both authorities and independent experts take an active, early role in networks design right beside the commercial organisations. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004.
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Maarten Van Someren, Niels Netten, Vanessa Evers, Henriette Cramer, Robert De Hoog, & Guido Bruinsma. (2005). A trainable information distribution system to support crisis management. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2005 – 2nd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 203–206). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Crisis response and management involve multiple collaborative actors who execute tasks in a dynamic setting. For the effectiveness of collaboration and crisis fighting it is essential that all actors have access to relevant information necessary for their tasks. Managing the information flow, i.e. presenting the right information to the right person at the right time, is of great importance. However, the complexity of a crisis event makes it very difficult to keep an overview of all ongoing activities and information flow within the entire crisis environment. In this paper we address the problem of selecting and distributing information to users as a function of their characteristics, tasks and the state of their workflows in a collaborative setting. In particular, we propose a trainable system for information distribution that will be able to support the dynamic nature of collaborative processes and provide users with task-relevant information. We expect that this will reduce problems due to information overload and will lead to more effective collaboration between all actors in the crisis management environment.
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Ulrich Walder, Thomas Bernoulli, & Thomas Wießflecker. (2009). An indoor positioning system for improved action force command and disaster management. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Managing emergency situations in large buildings and underground structures could be simplified if at any time the positions of on-site emergency crews were available. In this paper a system is proposed which combines inertial measurements of moving persons with building floor plans tagged with information on semantics to achieve a novel level of robust indoor positioning. A speech driven user interface tailored for visualization on head mounted displays makes information easily available for action forces. The system is complemented with a self-configurating communication network based on novel approaches combining mobile ad hoc networks, sensor networks, and professional mobile radio systems to make the locally determined positions available to anybody on-site.
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Maximilian Walther, Sven Schaust, & Michael Kaisser. (2013). Social media-based event detection for crisis management in the al za'atari refugee camp. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 927–928). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Social Media data allows for profound analyses of user-generated content in order to predict or manage disasters and crisis situations. In this paper, we present an analysis of tweets from and about Al Za'atari, a refugee camp in Jordan close to the Syrian border. Our results are based on the analysis of location-tagged tweets by our “Avalanche” system in order to support an accurate situational awareness picture for on-site and off-site operators from relief organizations on evolving events and challenges.
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Torben Wiedenhöfer, Christian Reuter, Benedikt Ley, & Volkmar Pipek. (2011). Inter-organizational crisis management infrastructures for electrical power breakdowns. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Major electricity breakdowns like the Northeast Blackout (USA) in 2003 or the blackout in most parts of Western Europe in 2005, have shown the fundamental role of electricity in our everyday life. The experiences of these accidents show that power suppliers, firefighters, police, county administration and citizens face multifarious challenges in inter-organizational communication, information and coordination processes during coping and recovery work. In this work-in-progress paper we describe early research dealing with inter-organizational issues in emergency management (EM). We are mainly focusing on supporting social practices in inter-organizational EM, for example collaborative interpretation of emergency situations, ad-hoc coordination or supporting citizen communication and helping routines. Identified from our experiences from related projects, discussions and literature studies, we suggest potential questions and future topics in user-driven software engineering processes for EM and domain specific problems, such as supporting citizen participation, coping with information uncertainties and quality variations or enhancing inter-organizational learning.
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Matt Wolff. (2010). Unsupervised methods for detecting a malicious insider. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: One way a malicious insider can attack a network is by masquerading as a different user. Various algorithms have been proposed in an effort to detect when a user masquerade attack has occurred. In this paper, two unsupervised algorithms are proposed with the intended goal of detecting user masquerade attacks. The effectiveness of these two unsupervised algorithms are then compared against supervised algorithms.
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Xiaodan Yu, & Deepak Khazanchi. (2017). Studying Virtual Teams during Organizational Crisis from a Sociomaterial Perspective. In eds Aurélie Montarnal Matthieu Lauras Chihab Hanachi F. B. Tina Comes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (1055). Albi, France: Iscram.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose sociomaterialism as a theoretical lens for studying virtual team management during organizational crisis. In applying this lens, we propose the use of pattern theory as the method of choice for documenting effective practices for managing virtual teams in organizational crisis settings.
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Yao Simin, & Zhong Shaobo. (2015). Exposure Assessment of Rainstorm Disaster Based on Land Use and Precipitation Extreme: A Case Study of Beijing, China. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings ? 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: The risk of rainstorm disaster is expected to increase with rising disaster losses as a consequence. Besides the uncertainty of frequency and severity of rainfalls, it can also be attributed to the expansion of settlement and industrial areas and the resulting accumulation of population and assets. Therefore, it?s important to both analyze historical precipitation and estimate land use condition. In this study, the data of land use status and historical heavy rainfalls of 16 districts in Beijing are collected to obtain the exposure level zoning map and carry out a comprehensive analysis. This is followed by Spearman?s rank correlation analysis and the correlations between the exposure and disaster losses have been discussed. This study presents a new perspective of exposure assessment, and some useful ideas about city planning and management are proposed in view of the inevitable trend of rapid urbanization in China.
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Yuya Shibuya, & Hideyuki Tanaka. (2019). Detecting Disaster Recovery Activities via Social Media Communication Topics. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Enhancing situational awareness by mining social media has been widely studied, but little work has been done
focusing on recovery phases. To provide evidence to support the possibility of harnessing social media as a sensor
of recovery activities, we examine the correlations between topic frequencies on Twitter and people?s socioeconomic
recovery activities as reflected in the excess demand for used cars and housing, after the Great East
Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011. Our research suggests that people in the disaster-stricken area
communicated more about recovery and disaster damages when they needed to purchase used cars, while the nonlocal
population communicated more about going to and supporting the disaster-stricken area. On the other hand,
regarding the excess demand for housing, when the local population of the disaster-stricken area started to resettle,
they communicated their opinions more than in other periods about disaster-related situations.
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