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	Author	Björn J.E. Johansson; Charlotte Hellgren; Per-Anders Oskarsson; Jonathan Svensson
	Title	Supporting situation awareness on the move – The role of technology for spatial orientation in the field			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2013
	Volume		Issue		Pages	442-451
	Keywords	Global positioning system; Information systems; Electronic compass; Perspective taking; Positioning; Sense of directions; Situation awareness; Spatial awareness; Landforms
	Abstract	The study presented in this paper has investigated how technology can support spatial awareness when moving in wooded terrain. By “spatial awareness”, we refer to the ability to point in the approximate direction of several objects while navigating in unknown terrain. The ability to localize objects in the terrain has importance for emergency operations, for example firefighting and search and rescue operations. A field experiment was conducted with two conditions, one with technical support and one without. The results show that technical support in terms of GPS, digital maps and electronic compass can dramatically improve the ability to accurately indicate directions to objects. Further, findings concerning use of tests on spatial orientation to predict the ability to indicate directions to objects in the terrain when having no technical support are presented.
	Address	Swedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie	Place of Publication	KIT; Baden-Baden	Editor	T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9783923704804	Medium
	Track	Emergency Management Information Systems	Expedition		Conference	10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	638
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	Author	Stephen C. Fortier; Ioannis M. Dokas
	Title	Setting the specification framework of an Early Warning System using IDEF0 and information modeling			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2008
	Volume		Issue		Pages	441-450
	Keywords	Disasters; Facilities; Information systems; Information theory; Information use; Sensors; Specifications; Systems engineering; Analysis; Data collection; Early Warning System; Express; IDEF0 modeling; Information Modeling; Material recovery facilities; Requirements; Sadt; Alarm systems
	Abstract	Our goal is to develop an Early Warning System for an engineering system with a special interest in applying this to a material recovery facility. This on-going research points out that there is no clear definition of what Early Warning Systems are. A literature search for Early Warning Systems identifies hundred of thousands hits (Buchanan-Smith, 1999; Davies, Buchanan-Smith, Lambert, 1991). Almost all of the references had to do with financial systems for third world countries, tracking the destructive nature of violent conflicts that led to human suffering, or systems for syndromic surveillance. The goal of our research, and of this paper, is to define a framework for creating a specification that can be considered as the basis for the development of any Early Warning System-specifically for engineering systems. Therefore, we will describe Early Warning Systems and its requirements and specifications. Based on specification patterns, we have developed an abstract model of an Early Warning System; and developed an IDEF0 model of a material recovery facility that provides the framework for specifying an Early Warning System. The Early Warning System is then specified using information modeling.
	Address	George Washington University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, DC, United States; Cork Constrained Computation Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM	Place of Publication	Washington, DC	Editor	F. Fiedrich, B. Van de Walle
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780615206974	Medium
	Track	Early Warning Systems	Expedition		Conference	5th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	503
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	Author	Simone Wurster; Ulrich Meissen
	Title	Towards an economic assessment approach for early warning systems: Improving cost-avoidance calculations with regard to private households			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2014
	Volume		Issue		Pages	439-443
	Keywords	Disasters; Investments; Early Warning System; Early warning systems; Economic assessments; Investment decisions; Quantitative assessments; Quantitative models; Theoretical framework; Warning technologies; Information systems
	Abstract	In recent years, Early Warning Systems (EWS) have proven their value by saving many lives. However, most in-vestments into EWS were motivated directly by experienced disaster events and rarely pro-actively by possible up-coming threats. In order to change that we think that besides ethical and humanitarian reasons also the positive economic effects should be analyzed. EWS also help to protect property, but their contribution is not as obvious in that field due to the lack of quantitative models. This paper presents a disaster-independent formula that shows the benefits of EWS. Additional value to existing approaches is based on its advanced focus on behavioral aspects and the benefits of EWS in comparison to warnings issued via social media. We consider this work as an important contribution for future investments into warning technologies. However, yet this model just provides a theoretical framework for necessary empirical studies that are subject of further research.
	Address	TU Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer FOKUS, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The Pennsylvania State University	Place of Publication	University Park, PA	Editor	S.R. Hiltz, M.S. Pfaff, L. Plotnick, and P.C. Shih.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780692211946	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	11th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1107
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	Author	Elizabeth Avery Gomez; Katia Passerini; Karen Hare
	Title	Public health crisis management: Community level roles and communication options			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2006
	Volume		Issue		Pages	435-443
	Keywords	Bioterrorism; Information systems; Information use; National security; Security systems; Telecommunication equipment; Community informatics; Crisis management; Epidemics; Gap analysis; Home land security; Media richness; Mobile Technology; Public health
	Abstract	Crisis management efforts in the United States public health sector aim to prepare and protect the life of an individual, family or group against a health-related event. These efforts span governmental, nongovernmental and private sectors. The need for coordination between these organizations has never been more apparent. A solution will depend heavily on standardized communication protocols using information and communication technology (ICT). Numerous initiatives are currently addressing the needs of our nation with respect to homeland security and public health, yet remain in the early stages for the nongovernmental sector. The emphasis of our research is at the local level where the governmental sector extends to the nongovernmental sector (NGO), particularly community outreach. Our analysis of the local community suggests focusing on the management of communication during public health crises to better understand the complexities and variations presented in these communities. Leveraging experiences from media-technology literature findings and emergency-response efforts, we seek to identify a framework and tools to enable effective communication for those public health practitioners who serve as front-line responders to public health crises. The major contributions of this research will be to extend the use of information systems and mobile technology to the local United States public health communities to increase effective communication between organizations, while providing a state of readiness for homeland security related events.
	Address	New Jersey Institute of Technology, United States
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium	Place of Publication	Newark, NJ	Editor	B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9090206019; 9789090206011	Medium
	Track	COMMUNITIES IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT	Expedition		Conference	3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	531
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	Author	Imane Benkhelifa; Samira Moussaoui; Nadia Nouali-Taboudjemat
	Title	Locating emergency responders using mobile wireless sensor networks			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2013
	Volume		Issue		Pages	432-441
	Keywords	Carrier mobility; Disaster prevention; Disasters; Forecasting; Global positioning system; Information systems; Mobile agents; Monte Carlo methods; Speed; Wireless sensor networks; Direction; Disaster management; Emergency response; Localization; Mobile anchors; Mobile wireless sensor network; Emergency services
	Abstract	Emergency response in disaster management using wireless sensor networks has recently become an interest of many researchers in the world. This interest comes from the growing number of disasters and crisis (natural or man-made) affecting millions of lives and the easy-use of new and cheap technologies. This paper details another application of WSN in the post disaster scenario and comes up with an algorithm for localization of sensors attached to mobile responders (firefighters, policemen, first aid agents, emergency nurses, etc) while assisted by a mobile vehicle (fire truck, police car, or aerial vehicle like helicopters) called mobile anchor, sent to supervise the rescue operation. This solution is very efficient and rapidly deployable since no pre-installed infrastructure is needed. Also, there is no need to equip each sensor with a GPS receiver which is very costly and may increase the sensor volume. The proposed technique is based on the prediction of the rescuers velocities and directions considering previous position estimations. The evaluation of our solution shows that our technique takes benefit from prediction in a more effective manner than previous solutions. The simulation results show that our algorithm outperforms conventional Monte Carlo localization schemes by decreasing estimation errors with more than 50%.
	Address	USTHB- Department of Informatics, Algiers, Algeria; CERIST Research Center, Algiers, Algeria
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie	Place of Publication	KIT; Baden-Baden	Editor	T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9783923704804	Medium
	Track	Emergency Management Information Systems	Expedition		Conference	10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	304
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	Author	Ulrich Meissen; Agnès Voisard
	Title	Increasing the effectiveness of early warning via context-aware alerting			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2008
	Volume		Issue		Pages	431-440
	Keywords	Disaster prevention; Alert systems; Context-awareness; Disaster prevention and mitigations; Early Warning System; Early warning systems; Evaluation modeling; New information and communication technologies; Research results; Information systems
	Abstract	The effective implementation of early warning is one of the best investments for disaster prevention and mitigation. In the last decade, we have witnessed strong efforts and progress towards better risk detection, monitoring and prediction. However, the best warnings are ineffective if they cannot be distributed in a timely way and targeted to people at risk. With the evolvement of new Information and Communication Technologies, we have new opportunities and face new challenges for improving classical warning processes. Based on our experience and research results from two user-centered hydro-meteorological Early Warning Systems (EWS) we present an approach for context-aware alerting that can increase considerably the effectiveness of warning. Furthermore, we introduce an applied evaluation model for the effectiveness of an EWS.
	Address	Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering (ISST), Mollstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Computer Science, FU Berlin, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM	Place of Publication	Washington, DC	Editor	F. Fiedrich, B. Van de Walle
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780615206974	Medium
	Track	Early Warning Systems	Expedition		Conference	5th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	763
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	Author	Leire Labaka; Josune Hernantes; Tina Comes; Jose Mari Sarriegi
	Title	Defining policies to improve critical infrastructure resilience			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2014
	Volume		Issue		Pages	429-438
	Keywords	Decision making; Economics; Industrial hygiene; Information systems; Occupational diseases; Public works; Critical infrastructure protection; Delphi method; Group model building; Resilience; Sequential decision-making; Vulnerability; Critical infrastructures
	Abstract	Industrial accidents increasingly threaten society and economy; the increasing exposure and vulnerability of our modern interlaced societies contributes to intensifying their impact. Critical Infrastructures (CIs) have a prominent role, since they are vital for the welfare of the population and essential for the economic growth. As hazards are hard to predict, decision-makers need to implement adequate adaptation and mitigation strategies to improve CI resilience. Although CI resilience has attracted increasing attention, empirical studies are rare. Research on the implementation of policies aiming at identifying a clear sequence of measures to improve CI resilience is lacking. Therefore, we present a framework to identify resilience policies across four dimensions (technical, organizational, economic and social) and to define the temporal order in which the policies should be implemented. This research provides a framework grounded in our empirical work. Future work will aim at developing quantitative approaches to complement our results.
	Address	TECNUN, University of Navarra, Spain; University of Agder, Norway
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The Pennsylvania State University	Place of Publication	University Park, PA	Editor	S.R. Hiltz, M.S. Pfaff, L. Plotnick, and P.C. Shih.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780692211946	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	11th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	670
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	Author	Ignacio Aedo; Daniel Sanz; Paloma Díaz; Jorge De Castro
	Title	Modelling emergency response communities using RBAC principles			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2006
	Volume		Issue		Pages	426-434
	Keywords	Access control; Civil defense; Disasters; Information systems; Risk management; Development stages; Emergency management systems; Emergency response; Empirical evaluations; Levels of abstraction; Role-based Access Control; User centred design; Web engineering; Management information systems
	Abstract	One of the main design challenges of any Emergency Management System (EMS) is the diversity of users and responsibilities that must be considered. Modelling the access capabilities of different communities of users is a relevant concern for which the RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) paradigm provides flexible and powerful constructs. In this paper we describe how we used an RBAC meta-model to specify at different levels of abstraction the access policy of a specific EMS called ARCE (Aplicación en Red para Casos de Emergencia). This approach has made it possible to face access modelling at earlier development stages, so that stakeholders got involved in analytical and empirical evaluations to test the correctness and effectiveness of the access policy. Moreover, since the RBAC meta-model is embedded into a web engineering method, we put into practice a holistic process which addresses different design perspectives (structure, navigation, presentation, interaction and access) in an integrated way.
	Address	Laboratorio DEI, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Dirección General de Protección Civil, Ministerio del Interior, Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium	Place of Publication	Newark, NJ	Editor	B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9090206019; 9789090206011	Medium
	Track	COMMUNITIES IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT	Expedition		Conference	3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	257
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	Author	Monika Büscher; Markus Bylund; Pedro Sanches; Leonardo Ramirez; Lisa Wood
	Title	A new manhattan project? Interoperability and ethics in emergency response systems of systems			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2013
	Volume		Issue		Pages	426-431
	Keywords	Information systems; Philosophical aspects; Risk management; Systems engineering; Emergency management; Emergency response; Emergency response systems; Ethics; Manhattan Project; Multi agencies; Systems of systems; Interoperability
	Abstract	In this paper we discuss ethical challenges arising around IT supported interoperability in multi-agency emergency management and explore some methodological responses.
	Address	Mobilities.lab, Lancaster University, United Kingdom; Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Kista, Sweden; Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FhG-FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany; School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie	Place of Publication	KIT; Baden-Baden	Editor	T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9783923704804	Medium
	Track	Emergency Management Information Systems	Expedition		Conference	10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	353
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	Author	Cindy Hui; Mark Goldberg; Malik Magdon-Ismail; William A. Wallace
	Title	Micro-simulation of diffusion of warnings			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2008
	Volume		Issue		Pages	424-430
	Keywords	Information systems; Models; Social networking (online); Axiomatic framework; Diffusion process; Model parameters; Network structures; Simulation; Social network structures; Warning messages; Warnings; Diffusion
	Abstract	This paper presents a unique view of modeling the diffusion of warnings in social networks where the network structure may change over time. Since the characteristics and actions of people in a community have significant influence on the flow of information through a network, we present an axiomatic framework for modeling the diffusion process through the concept of trust. This ongoing work provides a micro level view of the behavior of individuals and groups in a community. Preliminary experiments were made to explore how model parameters such as trust and the social network structure affect warning message belief and evacuation.
	Address	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, United States
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM	Place of Publication	Washington, DC	Editor	F. Fiedrich, B. Van de Walle
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780615206974	Medium
	Track	Early Warning Systems	Expedition		Conference	5th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	606
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	Author	Sardar Muhammad Sulaman; Taimor Abbas; Krzysztof Wnuk; Martin Höst
	Title	Hazard analysis of collision avoidance system using STPA			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2014
	Volume		Issue		Pages	424-428
	Keywords	Information systems; Risk analysis; Safety devices; Systems engineering; Collision avoidance systems; Forward collision; Hazard analysis; IT system; Process analysis; Safety critical systems; Stpa; Time efficiencies; Hazards
	Abstract	As our society becomes more and more dependent on IT systems, failures of these systems can harm more and more people and organizations both public and private. Diligently performing risk and hazard analysis helps to minimize the societal harms of IT system failures. In this paper we present experiences gained by applying the System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method for hazard analysis on a forward collision avoidance system. Our main objectives are to investigate effectiveness in terms of the number and quality of identified hazards, and time efficiency in terms of required efforts of the studied method. Based on the findings of this study STPA has proved to be an effective and efficient hazard analysis method for assessing the safety of a safety-critical system and it requires a moderate level of effort.
	Address	Dept. of Computer Science, Lund University, Sweden; Dept. of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Sweden
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The Pennsylvania State University	Place of Publication	University Park, PA	Editor	S.R. Hiltz, M.S. Pfaff, L. Plotnick, and P.C. Shih.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780692211946	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	11th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	982
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	Author	Massimiliano Tarquini; Maurizio Morgano
	Title	Ethical challenges of participatory sensing for crisis information management			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2013
	Volume		Issue		Pages	421-425
	Keywords	Information management; Information systems; Mobile devices; Philosophical aspects; Search engines; Social networking (online); Virtual reality; Web services; Ethical problems; Open datum; Participatory Sensing; Real-time searches; Social search; Digital storage
	Abstract	“Participatory Sensing is an approach to data collection and interpretation in which individuals, acting alone or in groups, use their personal mobile devices and web services to systematically explore interesting aspects of their worlds ranging from health to culture.”[ http://www.mobilizingcs.org/about/participatory-sensing] Data from the physical world of sensors and the virtual world of social networks and Linked Data can be combined into interesting high-level information. Sensor data can assist in localized information retrieval by giving the search engine direct access to events happening locally in the real world. Participatory sensing enables individuals and communities to collect and share granular, accurate data about a particular area. This paper describes work in progress within the FP7 EU-funded project SMART project to develop a multimedia search engine over content and information streaming from both the physical world and the Internet. We will identify some ethical problems regarding the use and storage of such data.
	Address	S3Log, Italy
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie	Place of Publication	KIT; Baden-Baden	Editor	T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9783923704804	Medium
	Track	Emergency Management Information Systems	Expedition		Conference	10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	995
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	Author	Daniel P. Eriksson
	Title	A region-specific prognostic model of post-earthquake international attention			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2006
	Volume		Issue		Pages	418-425
	Keywords	Decision support systems; Forecasting; Information systems; Alert; Attention; Central Asia; Decision supports; Response; Earthquakes
	Abstract	This project evaluates the feasibility of a prognostic model for international attention following earthquakes. The degree of international attention is defined as the number of situation reports issued by the United Nations. Ordinal regression is applied to a set of 58 case study events that occurred in Central Asia between 1992 and 2005. The context of the model is promising. Patterns were identified among the misclassified events. The patterns can prove helpful in understanding the irregular behavior of the international community and to improve future models by identifying subjects, such as bilateral relations and willingness to request external aid, for which additional indicators are needed.
	Address	Coventry University, Centre for Disaster Management, United Kingdom
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium	Place of Publication	Newark, NJ	Editor	B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9090206019; 9789090206011	Medium
	Track	REAL-TIME ALERTS FOR EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMI	Expedition		Conference	3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	478
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	Author	Hayley Watson; Rachel L. Finn
	Title	Privacy and ethical implications of the use of social media during a volcanic eruption: Some initial thoughts			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2013
	Volume		Issue		Pages	416-420
	Keywords	Data privacy; Information systems; Volcanoes; Aviation industry; Crisis; Data protection; Ethical implications; Ethics; Privacy infringement; Social media; Volcanic eruptions; Philosophical aspects
	Abstract	In a relatively new area of research for crisis management, this working paper presents a preliminary discussion of some of the privacy and ethical implications surrounding the use of social media in the event of a crisis. The paper uses the chaos caused by the eruptions of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in 2010 to contextualise the analysis. It begins by presenting two case studies of the use of social media by members of the public and the aviation industry during the crisis caused by the ash plume. The paper then proceeds to briefly highlight some select ethical and privacy implications stemming from the use of social media such as privacy infringements and inequality. The paper concludes by briefly summarising the findings of the paper and considering next steps for future research in this area.
	Address	Trilateral Research and Consulting, United Kingdom
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie	Place of Publication	KIT; Baden-Baden	Editor	T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9783923704804	Medium
	Track	Emergency Management Information Systems	Expedition		Conference	10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1070
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	Author	Douglas C. Pattie; Stefanie Dannenmann
	Title	Evaluation and strengthening of early warning systems in countries affected by the 26 December 2004 Tsunami			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2008
	Volume		Issue		Pages	415-423
	Keywords	Hazards; Information systems; Risk management; Tsunamis; Disaster risk reductions; Early Warning System; Indian ocean regions; Integrated frameworks; Integrated risk management; Preparedness; Project coordination; Tsunami early-warning systems; Alarm systems
	Abstract	The objective of this international initiative was to provide an integrated framework for strengthening early warning systems in the Indian Ocean region by building on existing systems and facilitating coordination among specialized and technical institutions. The project supported the development of tsunami early warning systems in collaboration with numerous United Nations and other organizations devoted to disaster risk management and risk reduction. For the practitioner of early warning systems, the project has been divided into two areas-warning system development and preparedness. As a cross-cutting theme, the project promoted multi-hazard end-to-end systems in a regional context by emphasizing (i) risk knowledge, (ii) monitoring and warning service, (iii) communications and dissemination of understandable warnings and (iv) response capability and preparedness. The activities of the project were structured into five components-system implementation, integrated risk management, public awareness and education, community-level approaches and project coordination. Practitioners should note that the work represents a first step for establishing a complete tsunami early warning system within a multi-hazard framework.
	Address	UN/ISDR Platform for Promotion of Early Warning, UN Campus, Herman-Ehlers Strasse 10, Bonn, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM	Place of Publication	Washington, DC	Editor	F. Fiedrich, B. Van de Walle
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780615206974	Medium
	Track	Early Warning Systems	Expedition		Conference	5th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	832
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	Author	Murray Turoff; Victor A. Bañuls; Linda Plotnick; Starr Roxanne Hiltz
	Title	Development of a dynamic scenario model for the interaction of critical infrastructures			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2014
	Volume		Issue		Pages	414-423
	Keywords	Civil defense; Critical infrastructures; Disasters; Information systems; Risk management; Collaborative model; Cross-impact analysis; Delphi method; Emergency management; Interpretive structural modeling; Scenario Planning; Public works
	Abstract	This paper summarizes the development of a Cross Impact and Interpretive Structural Model of the interactions of 16 critical infrastructures during disasters. It is based on the estimates of seven professionals in Emergency Management areas and was conducted as an online survey and Delphi Process. We describe the process used and the current results, indicating some of the disagreements in the estimates. The initial results indicate some very interesting impacts of events on one another, resulting in the clustering of events into mini-scenarios.
	Address	New Jersey Institute of Technology, United States; Pablo de Olavide University, Spain; Jacksonville State University, United States
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The Pennsylvania State University	Place of Publication	University Park, PA	Editor	S.R. Hiltz, M.S. Pfaff, L. Plotnick, and P.C. Shih.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780692211946	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	11th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1028
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	Author	Caroline Rizza; Ângela Guimarães Pereira; Paula Curvelo
	Title	Do-it-yourself justice: Considerations of social media use in a crisis situation: The case of the 2011 vancouver riots			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2013
	Volume		Issue		Pages	411-415
	Keywords	Information systems; Canucks; Crisis situations; Ethical considerations; Ethics; Ice hockey; Media narratives; Media reporting; Social media; Philosophical aspects
	Abstract	On 15 June 2011, the ice hockey Stanley Cup final series between the Vancouver Canucks and the Boston Bruins took place in Vancouver. As the Vancouver Canucks were losing, riots started in downtown Vancouver. Social media were used to communicate between authorities and citizens, including the rioters. The media reporting on these events frame these communications with different narratives, which in turn raise different ethical considerations. This paper identifies those narratives and reflects upon the ideas of justice, fairness, responsibility, accountability and integrity as key ethical considerations. The paper also identifies some difficulties arising from the use of social media in crisis situations.
	Address	European Commission, JRC, Telecom ParisTech, France; European Commission, JRC, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie	Place of Publication	KIT; Baden-Baden	Editor	T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9783923704804	Medium
	Track	Emergency Management Information Systems	Expedition		Conference	10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	881
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	Author	Tom De Groeve; Luca Vernaccini; Alessandro Annunziato
	Title	Modelling disaster impact for the global disaster alert and coordination system			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2006
	Volume		Issue		Pages	409-417
	Keywords	Disasters; Earthquakes; Hurricanes; Information management; Information systems; Isomers; Management information systems; Tsunamis; Volcanoes; Coordination systems; Disaster information managements; European Commission; Global disasters; International community; International response; Tropical cyclone; United Nations; Emergency services
	Abstract	The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System, jointly developed by the European Commission and the United Nations, combines existing web-based disaster information management systems with the aim to alert the international community in case of major sudden-onset disasters and to facilitate the coordination of international response during the relief phase of the disaster. The disaster alerts are based on automatic hazard information retrieval and real-time running of impact models. This paper describes impact models for earthquakes, tsunamis and tropical cyclones.
	Address	European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Italy
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium	Place of Publication	Newark, NJ	Editor	B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9090206019; 9789090206011	Medium
	Track	REAL-TIME ALERTS FOR EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMI	Expedition		Conference	3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	429
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	Author	Li Heng; Chen Tao
	Title	Multiple attributes decision making method on social stability in nuclear accident scenario			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2014
	Volume		Issue		Pages	409-413
	Keywords	Decision making; Information systems; Stability; Chinese cities; Fukushima nuclear accidents; General publics; Multi-attributes decision makings; Multiple attributes decision making; Nuclear accidents; Social stability; Western countries; Nuclear reactor accidents
	Abstract	The Chernobyl nuclear accident made Europe and even the whole world clearly aware of the threats posed by nuclear accidents. When the Fukushima nuclear accident happened in Japan, the “Rush for Salt Affair” took place in some Chinese cities. Meanwhile, large numbers of anti-nuclear parades were held in many Western countries, such as Germany and the United States. Nuclear accidents have a much more serious impact on society than does an ordinary disaster, due both to the nature and characteristics of nuclear accidents, as well as asymmetric in the general public's access to reliable information. By analyzing the mechanisms and characteristics of the impacts on social stability of a nuclear accident, this paper develops a multi-attributes decision making method based on index system of social stability factors in nuclear accident scenarios.
	Address	Tsinghua University, China
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The Pennsylvania State University	Place of Publication	University Park, PA	Editor	S.R. Hiltz, M.S. Pfaff, L. Plotnick, and P.C. Shih.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780692211946	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	11th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	571
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	Author	John M. McGuirl; Nadine B. Sarter; David D. Woods
	Title	Seeing is believing?: The effects of real-time, image-based feedback on emergency management decision-making			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2008
	Volume		Issue		Pages	406-414
	Keywords	Civil defense; Decision making; Disasters; Information systems; Risk management; Attention narrowing; Emergency management; Hypothesis generation; Miscalibration; Operational procedures; Simulation exercise; Situation assessment; Undesirable effects; Human resource management
	Abstract	Emergency management personnel often face feedback delays and a lack of reliable information. To address this problem, new information technologies have been developed that can provide real-time, image-based feedback. While potentially useful, this trend represents a fundamental shift in both the timing and format of the information used by incident commanders (ICs). Eight ICs took part in a simulation exercise to determine the potential impact of real-time imaging on their decision-making. Nearly all of the ICs failed to detect important changes in the situation that were not captured in the imaging but that were available via other, more traditional data sources. It appears that the ICs placed an inappropriately high level of trust in the imaging data, resulting in reduced data search activities and hypothesis generation. This research helps practitioners anticipate and guard against undesirable effects of introducing similar technologies on training and operational procedures.
	Address	Institute for Ergonomics, Ohio State University, United States; Center for Ergonomics, University of Michigan, United States
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM	Place of Publication	Washington, DC	Editor	F. Fiedrich, B. Van de Walle
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780615206974	Medium
	Track	Observation Systems in Crisis Situations	Expedition		Conference	5th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	757
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	Author	Paul S. Earle; David J. Wald
	Title	Rapid post-earthquake information and assessment tools from the U.S. geological survey national earthquake information center			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2006
	Volume		Issue		Pages	402-408
	Keywords	Geological surveys; Information systems; Rss; Assessment tool; Earthquake location; Earthquake magnitudes; Impact assessments; Information products; Number of peoples; Situational awareness; U.s. geological surveys; Earthquakes
	Abstract	A suite of post-earthquake information products and assessment tools are produced and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC). These products range from the rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and location to tools that provide situational awareness following earthquake catastrophes. The NEIC distributes earthquake location, magnitude, and supporting information through many sources including, text message, pager, and the Internet (e-mail, web-pages and RSS feeds). To aid in the rapid determination of an earthquake's impact, the NEIC has developed tools to 1) map the observed shaking intensity reported from the region affected by the earthquake (Community Internet Intensity Maps), and 2) quantify the number of people exposed to severe shaking (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response).
	Address	US Geological Survey, United States
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium	Place of Publication	Newark, NJ	Editor	B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9090206019; 9789090206011	Medium
	Track	REAL-TIME ALERTS FOR EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMI	Expedition		Conference	3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	466
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	Author	Monika Büscher; Lisa Wood; Sung-Yueh Perng
	Title	Privacy, security, liberty: Informing the design of EMIS			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication	ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2013
	Volume		Issue		Pages	401-410
	Keywords	Data privacy; Design; Disasters; Interoperability; Management information systems; Risk management; Civil liberties; Emergency management; Emergency management systems; Human practices; Liberty; Material practices; Security; Smart cities; Civil defense
	Abstract	This paper explores issues of security, privacy and liberty arising in relation to ICT supported emergency management. The aim is to inform the design of emergency management information systems (EMIS) and architectures that support emergent interoperability and assembly of emergency management systems of systems. We show how transformations of social and material practices of privacy boundary management create challenges, opportunities and dangers in this context. While opportunities include development of more efficient and agile emergency management models, building on smart city concepts, dangers include surveillance, social sorting and an erosion of civil liberties. Against this backdrop, we briefly explore human practice focused 'privacy by design' as a candidate design avenue.
	Address	Mobilities.lab, Lancaster University, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie	Place of Publication	KIT; Baden-Baden	Editor	T. Comes, F. Fiedrich, S. Fortier, J. Geldermann and T. Müller
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9783923704804	Medium
	Track	Emergency Management Information Systems	Expedition		Conference	10th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	358
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	Author	Frank Schätter; Sascha Meng; Marcus Wiens; Frank Schultmann
	Title	A multi-stage scenario construction approach for critical infrastructure protection			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2014
	Volume		Issue		Pages	399-408
	Keywords	Decision support systems; Food supply; Information systems; Supply chains; Complexity; Critical infrastructure protection; Decision supports; Scenario constructions; Uncertainty; Iterative methods
	Abstract	Protecting critical infrastructures (CIs) against external and internal risks in an increasingly uncertain environment is a major challenge. In this paper we present a generic multi-stage scenario construction approach that is applicable to a wide range of decision problems in the field of CI protection. Our approach combines scenario construction and decision support, whereby we explicitly consider the performance of decision options which have been determined for a set of initial scenarios. Because of the iterative character of our approach, consequences of decision options and information updates are evolutionary processed towards advanced scenarios. By disturbing vulnerable or critical parts of CIs, cascading effects between interrelated CIs and the responses to the decision options can be determined. We apply this scenario-construction technique to two civil security research projects. One focuses on protecting food supply chains against disruptions, whereas the other aims at securing public railway transport against terrorist attacks.
	Address	Institute for Industrial Production, KIT, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The Pennsylvania State University	Place of Publication	University Park, PA	Editor	S.R. Hiltz, M.S. Pfaff, L. Plotnick, and P.C. Shih.
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780692211946	Medium
	Track	Planning, Foresight and Risk Analysis	Expedition		Conference	11th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	917
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	Author	Max Wyss
	Title	The kashmir M7.6 shock of 8 october 2005 calibrates estimates of losses in future himalayan earthquakes			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2006
	Volume		Issue		Pages	397-401
	Keywords	Information systems; Correction factors; Energy release; Kashmir earthquake; Large earthquakes; Loss estimates; Moment tensor solutions; Scenario earthquakes; Seismic risk; Earthquakes
	Abstract	In an article published in March 2005, we estimated the number of fatalities to be expected in future large earthquakes in the Himalaya (Wyss, 2005). For the scenario called Kashmir, we estimated that 67,000 to 137,000 fatalities should be expected. The M7.6 Kashmir earthquake of 8 October 2005 caused approximately 85,000 fatalities. Thus, one may argue that we forecast this disaster well. However, we assumed M8.1, a depth of 25 km and an epicenter located about 200 km to the SE from the October epicenter. Using the moment tensor solution for the October earthquake with a depth of 12 km for the energy release, we estimate the number of fatalities between 29,000 and 56,000. Thus, a factor of 2 must be applied to obtain the observed number, and the depth of the energy release in the scenario earthquakes should be placed at 12 km, which results in on over-All correction factor of 2.4. Therefore, we correct our estimates for numbers of fatalities in future Himalayan earthquake to range from 100,000 to 500,000, as specified for the locations given in Table 2.
	Address	World Agency of Planetary Monitoring and Earthquake Risk Reduction, 2 rue de Jargonnant, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium	Place of Publication	Newark, NJ	Editor	B. Van de Walle, M. Turoff
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9090206019; 9789090206011	Medium
	Track	REAL-TIME ALERTS FOR EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMI	Expedition		Conference	3rd International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1109
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	Author	Siska Fitrianie; Zhenke Yang; Leon J.M. Rothkrantz
	Title	Developing concept-based user interface using icons for reporting observations			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management	Abbreviated Journal	ISCRAM 2008
	Volume		Issue		Pages	394-405
	Keywords	Communication systems; Information systems; Mobile devices; Visual communication; Communication interface; Icon-based interfaces; Language interface; Mobile device applications; Reporting observations; Spatial arrangements; Spatial configuration; Structured messages; User interfaces
	Abstract	In recent years, we have developed a visual communication interface for reporting observations in which messages can be constructed using a spatial arrangement of icons. Each icon on the interface represents a concept or idea. This paper reports about research on a visual language interface, which allows users to create structured messages of icon strings simultaneously in a two-dimensional parallel and spatial configuration. The developed system provides drawing tools and predefined sets of icons that support a free and natural way to sketch and describe crisis situations. A coherent and context dependent interpretation of the icon configuration can be constructed by the employment of ontology. In addition, the interface is also able to convert the interpretation into crisis scenarios as feedback to the user on his/her input.
	Address	Man-Machine Interaction Group, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM	Place of Publication	Washington, DC	Editor	F. Fiedrich, B. Van de Walle
	Language	English	Summary Language	English	Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2411-3387	ISBN	9780615206974	Medium
	Track	Observation Systems in Crisis Situations	Expedition		Conference	5th International ISCRAM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	496
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