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Zeno Franco, José J. González, & José H. Canós. (2019). Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós, Eds.). Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: The theme of ISCRAM 2019 is Towards individual-centric emergency management
systems. This edition wishes to highlight the particular needs of the individual
stakeholder in Crisis and Emergency Management and to stimulate discussions that
enable the design of individual-centric crisis and emergency management systems.
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Sebastian Schmitz, Konrad Barth, Tim Brüstle, Tobias Gleibs, & Ompe Aimé Mudimu. (2019). Testing the implementation of a flying localization system into emergency response using a tabletop exercise. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: To optimize the search for trapped victims after building collapses, the authors participated in the development ofI a localization system based on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The objective of this study is to evaluate an approach to implement this system into the command and control structures during the emergency response after a building collapse. For this purpose, a tabletop exercise, based on a gas explosion scenario in an apartment building, was carried out with emergency response managers of the fire department and the German federal agency of technical relief. Observers have documented the exercise. Additionally, audio and video recordings were used. Thus, statements could be made about the implementation approach and the tabletop exercise method. Based on the results, the implementation approach can be considered appropriate. In addition, knowledge was gained about the appropriateness of tabletop exercises for the purpose of scientific evaluation.
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Ingo J. Timm, Bernhard Hess, & Fabian Lorig. (2019). Data Acquisition for ad-hoc Evacuation Simulations of Public Buildings. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Crowd simulation is suitable to evaluate evacuation strategies but its validity strongly depends on the quality of input
data. The acquisition of adequate input data is particularly challenging when simulating the evacuation of public
buildings such as universities. As they are publicly accessible, the exact number of persons on site is unknown.
Yet, to investigate specific emergency situations by means of simulation, e.g. amok or fire, information is required
about distribution and amount of people within the building at a specific point of time. Due to data privacy, public
buildings do not implement access control. However, data artifacts are available in various information systems,
e.g., wifi data, room administration. Our hypothesis is, that the acquisition and fusion of such data artifacts is
sufficient to enable data-based ad-hoc simulation of evacuation scenarios as decision support for the operations
management. To this end, we introduce a procedure for the situation-dependent collection fusion of simulation
input data. Furthermore, a case study is provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
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Ana Rodríguez-Hoyos, José Estrada-Jiménez, David Rebollo-Monedero, Jordi Forné, Rubén Trapero Burgos, Antonio Álvarez Romero, et al. (2019). Anonymizing Cybersecurity Data in Critical Infrastructures: The CIPSEC Approach. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Cybersecurity logs are permanently generated by network devices to describe security incidents. With modern
computing technology, such logs can be exploited to counter threats in real time or before they gain a foothold.
To improve these capabilities, logs are usually shared with external entities. However, since cybersecurity logs
might contain sensitive data, serious privacy concerns arise, even more when critical infrastructures (CI), handling
strategic data, are involved.
We propose a tool to protect privacy by anonymizing sensitive data included in cybersecurity logs. We implement
anonymization mechanisms grouped through the definition of a privacy policy. We adapt said approach to the
context of the EU project CIPSEC that builds a unified security framework to orchestrate security products, thus
offering better protection to a group of CIs. Since this framework collects and processes security-related data from
multiple devices of CIs, our work is devoted to protecting privacy by integrating our anonymization approach.
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Kathrin Eismann, Melanie Reuter-Oppermann, & Kai Fischbach. (2019). Towards Social Media Decision Support for Joined EMS and Crisis Logistics. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate how social media can be utilised to support the integration of emergency medical services (EMS) and crisis management activities. We explore the literature both on social media in crisis management and on EMS logistics to elaborate on their potential to support EMS logistics planning based on the experiences from crisis management. We then discuss how social media data can be used for tactical and strategic decision-making using location data to improve demand forecasting and planning for both routine emergencies and crises.
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Jennifer Lisa Chan, Gabriel Nam, Allison G. Marshall, & Hemant Purohit. (2019). Trends in Humanitarian Health Information during 2010 Haiti Earthquake: Motivation for Curating Domain Knowledge Base. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Health response plays a major role during disasters and information management plays a crucial role in situational awareness to adapt to evolving needs. Health organizations exchange information often through narrative-based documents called situation reports. Although situation reports are widely shared, they are an increasingly challenging information source from which to infer knowledge for situational awareness. This paper analyzed health information from traditional health reports using mixed methods during the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake and provides insights into the patterns of what?s being said, how it?s being said, and trends over time. Opportunities lie ahead to analyze narrative documents at scale by combining human knowledge from qualitative coding with machine intelligence. In addition, developing unifying health domain ontologies representing diverse humanitarian health concepts will advance computational techniques to improve
the efficiency and accuracy of retrieving knowledge for improved situational awareness and potential decision
making during humanitarian health response.
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Kristine Steen-Tveit, & Jaziar Radianti. (2019). Analysis of Common Operational Picture and Situational Awareness during Multiple Emergency Response Scenarios. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Disaster response operations require communication and coordination between agencies that seldom occurs in everyday workday situations. Furthermore, in such hybrid environments it is necessary to establish a common operational picture for the responders involved to support collaborative decision-making. The emergency responders must gain situational awareness, and this can further affect the quality of how they deal with the situation. Training in emergency situations is shown to be efficient for learning. In order to understand the complexity of working in unpredictable environments, an analysis of an audio-log from a large-scale drill was carried out. Moreover, this paper provides a definition of several categories for identifying the processes to establish situational awareness and a common operational picture among emergency responders. The analysis process revealed how the actors communicate and revealed an overall communication pattern.
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Sandra König, & Stefan Schauer. (2019). Cascading Threats in Critical Infrastructures with Control Systems. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Critical infrastructures (CIs) increase in complexity due to numerous dependencies on other CIs but also due to the ongoing digitalization in the industry sector. This yields an increased risk of failure of a single CI as the overall systems gets very fragile and sensitive to errors Failure of a single component may affect large parts of an infrastructure due to cascading effects. One way to support functionality of a CI is the use of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) that allow monitoring remote sites and controlling processes. However, this is an additional source for threats as recent cyber-attacks have shown. Further, the additional information for such cyber systems is often not efficiently combined with existing information on the physical infrastructure. We here propose a method to combine these two sources of information in order to estimate the impact of a security incident on CIs, taking into account cascading effects of threats. An implementation of the model allows simulation of the dynamics inside a CI and yields a record of the status of each asset of the CI. The way the assets change their states illustrates the consequences of an incident on the entire CI. Visualization of the results provides an overview on the situation of the entire CI at a certain point of time and a sequence of such visualization over an entire period of time illustrates the changes over time. The results from this analysis may be used to support security officers in analyzing the current (hybrid) state of their CI in case of an incident and thus increase the hybrid situational awareness.
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Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad. (2019). Reliability of expert estimates of cascading failures in Critical Infrastructure. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Owing to the complexity of Critical Infrastructures and the richness of issues to analyze, numerous approaches are used to model the behavior of CIs. Organizations having homeland security as mission often conduct desktop-based simulations using judgmental assessment of CI interdependencies and cascading failures. Expert estimates concern direct effects between the originally disrupted CI sector and other sectors. To better understand the magnitude of aggregate cascading effects, we developed a system dynamics model that uses expert estimates of cascading failures to compare the aggregate effect of cascading failures with the primary direct cascading failures. We find that the aggregate effect of compounded cascading failures becomes significantly greater than the primary cascading failures the longer the duration of the original disruption becomes. Our conceptually simple system dynamics model could be used to improve desktop-based exercises, since it illustrates consequences that go beyond judgmental assessment.
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Martin Hilljegerdes, & Ellen-Wien Augustijn-Beckers. (2019). Evaluating the effects of consecutive hurricane hits on evacuation patterns in Dominica. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: The Caribbean island of Dominica is at constant risk of being hit by tropical storms during the hurricane season.
Therefore, Dominica and areas in similar situations need to raise their resilience to natural hazards. The potential
consequences of climate change intensify this risk. After a hurricane hit, repair of damage to buildings and
infrastructure can take several months. As hurricane frequency is increasing and time between hurricanes
fluctuates, modeling sequences of hurricane events can help to determine different evacuation strategies. This
paper introduces an agent-based model, simulating two hurricane events in one season. The prototype simulates
the movement of evacuees over a road network and damage to buildings and infrastructure. Initial results show
marked differences between road movements of evacuees during a second evacuation. Although shifts in the
average shelter occupation are small (up to 2%) for our case study, this can indicate that adjustments to shelter
capacities are necessary.
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Guoqin Ma, & Chittayong Surakitbanharn. (2019). Predicting Hurricane Damage Using Social Media Posts Coupled with Physical and Socio-Economic Variables. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: During a natural disaster or emergency event, individual social media posts or hot spots may not necessarily correlate
to the most devastated areas. To better understand the correlation between social media and physical damage, we
compare Tweets, data about the physical environment, and socio-economic factors with insurance claim information
(as a proxy for physical damage) from 2017 Hurricane Irma in the state of Florida. We use machine learning
to identify relevant Tweets, sensitivity analyses to identify socio-economic factors, and statistical regression to
determine the predictive capability of insurance claims as a proxy for damage. We find that Tweets alone result in a
poorly fitted regression model of insurance claims, but the inclusion of physical features (e.g., power outages, wind
level) and socio-economic factors (e.g., population density, education, Internet access) improves the model?s fit.
Such models contribute to the knowledge base that may allow social media to predict damage in real-time.
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David Paulus, Kenny Meesters, Gerdien de Vries, & Bartel Van de Walle. (2019). The reciprocity of data integration in disaster risk analysis. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Humanitarian organizations are increasingly challenged by the amount of data available to drive their decisions. Useful data can come from many sources, exists in different formats, and merging it into a basis for analysis and planning often exceeds organizations? capacities and resources. At the same time, affected communities? participation in decision making processes is often hindered by a lack of information and data literacy capacities within the communities. We describe a participatory disaster risk analysis project in the central Philippines where the community and a humanitarian NGO worked towards a joint understanding of disaster risks and coping capacities through data integration and IT-supported analysis. We present findings from workshops, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews, showing the reciprocal effects of the collaborative work. While the community valued the systematically gathered and structured evidence that supported their own risk perceptions and advocacy efforts, the humanitarian NGO revisited established work practices for data collection for analysis and planning.
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Hoang Nam Ho, Mourad Rabah, Ronan Champagnat, & Frédéric Bretrand. (2019). Towards an Automatic Assistance in Crisis Resolution with Process Mining. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: To deal with a crisis situation, experts must undertake a chain of activities, called process, to minimize crisis
consequences. To assist the expert in making decision in crisis resolutions, authors propose a method aiming at
discovering crisis response processes. This method is based on a two-step strategy: the first step classifies the
system?s traces, representing stakeholders? past actions, into different sets, where each one represents a set of
response processes according to a specific context; the second step uses process mining algorithm to discover
the corresponding response plan process model based on the obtained chain of activities for each previously
classified context. These response plans will be a referenced aid for experts while making crisis resolution,
according to each context. The proposed approach is illustrated on the traces issued from the crisis caused by the
2010 Xynthia storm in France.
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Olawunmi George, Rizwana Rizia, MD Fitrat Hossain, Nadiyah Johnson, Carla Echeveste, Jose Lizarraga Mazaba, et al. (2019). Visualizing Early Warning Signs of Behavioral Crisis in Military Veterans: Empowering Peer Decision Support. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Several attempts have been made at creating mobile solutions for patients with mental disorders. A preemptive approach would definitely outdo a reactive one. This project seeks to ensure better crisis detection, by assigning patients (veterans) to caregivers (mentors). This is called the mentor-mentee approach. Enhanced with the use of mobile technology, veterans can stay connected in their daily lives to mentors, who have gone through the same traumatic experiences and have overcome them. A mobile application for communication between veterans and their mentors has been developed, which helps mentors get constant feedback from their mentees about their state of well-being. However, being able to make good deductions from the data given as feedback is of great importance. Under-represent ing or over-representing the data could be dangerously misleading. This paper presents the design process in this project and the key things to note when designing a data visualization for
timely crisis detection and decision-making.
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Marion Lara Tan, Raj Prasanna, Kristin Stock, Emma Hudson-Doyle, Graham Leonard, & David Johnston. (2019). Enhancing the usability of a disaster app: exploring the perspective of the public as users. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Limited research has studied how citizens? perspectives as end-users can contribute to improving the usability of disaster apps. This study addresses this gap by exploring end-user insights with the use of a conceptual disaster app in the New Zealand (NZ) context. NZ has multiple public alerting authorities that have various technological options in delivering information to the population?s mobile devices; including social media platforms, apps, as well as the Emergency Mobile Alert system. However, during critical events, the multiplicity of information may become overwhelming. A disaster app, conceptualised in the NZ context, aims to aggregate, organise, and deliver information from official sources to the public. After the initial conceptual design, a usability inquiry was administered by interviewing members of the public. Partial results of the inquiry show that the public?s perspective has value; in the process of understanding the new user?s viewpoint, usability highlights and issues are identified.
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Toshihiro Osaragi, & Noriaki Hirokawa. (2019). Simulation Analysis of Fire Hydrant Usability Levels after Large Earthquake. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Since large earthquakes can disrupt water supply networks, it is essential to gain an understanding of the expected
usability of fire hydrants in post-quake firefighting activities. In this study, data about water supply networks was
collected and a water outage simulation model was constructed in order to predict the likelihood that individual
fire hydrants would become unusable in the wake of a large earthquake. The water outage simulation model was
integrated with a previously developed urban zone damage simulation and a fire department activity simulation
in order to carry out a simulation-based analysis of the 23 wards of Tokyo, after which a quantitative analysis of
the relation-ship between use of fire hydrants and the number of buildings lost to fire was performed. This analysis
revealed the benefits of hardening water lines against earthquakes, fire hydrant usage variations depending on
locality, and the benefits of using water pressure sensors to identify usable fire hydrants.
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Marian Zulean, Gabriela Prelipcean, & Florin Druga. (2019). From Hindsight to Foresight: using collaborative methodologies to tackle the wicked problems and improve the the Emergency System. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: The main goal of this WiPe is to analyze a wicked problem of disaster management, to offer an external
evaluation on how the emergency system worked and to plan a foresight exercise able to design a personalized
emergency response services to citizens. The first part of the paper is rather a hindsight analysis regarding
disaster management of ?Colectiv 2015?, one of the worst manmade disasters in the recent Romanian history.
After four years of investigations and reports and many recovery measures ?Colectiv 2015? is still a complex
problem that needs external evaluation. The second part of the paper is a two-tier research: an intermediary
analysis of the wicked problem, using Barry Turner?s framework and a design of a foresight exercise. In the
Conclusions of WiPe we propose a design of research meant to: 1) better understand the causes and
shortcomings of disaster management and failure of foresight and 2) help the Emergency System in Romania
build a disaster resilience mechanism.
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Kristoffer Karl Darin-Mattsson, & Niklas Hallberg. (2019). Do's and Don'ts in Inter-Organizational Crisis Management Exercises. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: It is commonly assumed that conducting exercises will contribute to better crisis management. However, the exact mechanisms of cause and effect are hard to isolate empirically. The objective of this paper is to compile and analyze the recommendations in the literature on inter-organizational exercises and learning. While not claiming to meet the strict scientific demand of empirical validation and general applicability, the compilation may nevertheless provide some guidance from research to practitioners. Forty-four papers about learning in interorganizational exercises were analyzed. Out of the analyzed papers, 28 discussed obstacles or success factors.
However, the recommendations applicable in one setting are not automatically valid in others, and some are even contradictory. The recommendations have therefore been categorized according to two criteria; when in the exercise cycle and for whom they apply. Several recommendations concern individual learning, but maximizing individual learning can sometimes hamper learning on the organizational level.
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Linda Elmhadhbi, Mohamed-Hedi Karray, & Bernard Archimède. (2019). A Modular Ontology for Semantically Enhanced Interoperability in Operational Disaster Response. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Up to now, the world has witnessed how inadequate communication capabilities can adversely affect disaster response efforts. There are various Emergency Responders (ERs) that potentially must work together towards a successful resolution of the disaster. However, the different terminologies and technical vocabularies that are being exchanged between the ERs may lead to a misunderstanding and lack of semantic integrity. Yet, understanding the semantics of the exchanged data is one of the major challenges. The purpose of this work is to define the complex knowledge of the ERs by proposing a common and modular ontology shared by all the stakeholders so as to come up with a common shared vocabulary in order to ensure semantic interoperability between ERs. In this paper, we present POLARISCO and we discuss how it was developed using Basic Formal Ontology as an upper-level ontology and Common Core Ontology as a mid-level ontology to define each module.
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Fiona Jennet McNeill, Diana Bental, Jeremy Bryan, Paolo Missier, Jannetta S. Steyn, & Tom Kumar. (2019). Communication in Emergency Management through Data Integration and Trust: an introduction to the CEM-DIT system. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: This paper discusses the development of the CEM-DIT (Communication in Emergency Management through Data
Integration and Trust) system, which allows decision makers in crises to send out automated data requests to multiple
heterogeneous and potentially unknown sources and interactively determine how reliable, relevant and trustworthy
the responses are. We describe the underlying technology, which is based partially on data integration and matching,
and partly on utilisation of provenance data. We describe our cooperation with the Urban Observatory (UO), which
allows us to develop the system in collaboration with developers of the kind of crisis-relevant data which the system
is designed for. The system is currently in development, and we describe which parts are fully implemented and
which are currently being developed.
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Kenny Meesters, Vittorio Nespeca, & Tina Comes. (2019). Designing Disaster Information Management Systems 2.0: Connecting communities and responders. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Information and supporting information systems is a key element in an effective emergency response. From
creating situational awareness to informed decision making, information enables responders to optimize their
decisions and operations. Today, with the increased availability of information technology around the globe, a
new active player in the field of information management is emerging as communities are becoming increasingly
active in the field of information gathering, analyzing and sharing.
However, communities may have specific requirements and approaches to using information systems in crisis
situations. Moreover, connecting information systems between communities and responder pose specific
challenges due to the different information needs, capacities and incentives to use them. In this paper we build on
the DERMIS premises and explore through a case study if and how these principles apply to inclusive information
systems. We present the initial findings of this work of designing information systems involving both communities
and formal responders.
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Anying Chen, Guofeng Su, & Manchun Liang. (2019). Simulation of Crowd Response During Emergency Considering People's Rational and Irrational Thinking. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Human beings have been facing numerous emergencies which could threaten their property or even their lives in all ages. In order to learn how people respond to the emergencies like earthquakes and fire disasters, a two-stage simulation considering people?s rational thinking and irrational thinking was conducted. Results show that people?s irrational thinking, like the herd effect, could exaggerate people?s behavior of conformity, and it changes the spatial features that stronger herd effect leads to higher cohesion level. It is also worth mentioning that crowd response of condition of smaller population is harder to predict because of its instability, and the response of the very first part of people who make decisions could make great changes to the whole crowd?s response. These results could give some enlightenment on the evacuation instruction during emergencies and future research works.
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Haya Aldossary, & Graham Coates. (2019). A Preliminary Optimisation-based Approach to Coordinate the Response of Ambulances in Mass Casualty Incidents. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs) may occur with no notice and require a rapid response to manage the casualties and arrange their transportation to hospitals. MCIs may result in different numbers of casualties and fatalities. Further, response time can play a crucial role in reducing fatalities and protecting lives. This paper reports on a preliminary optimisation-based approach, termed MCIER, which has been developed to co-ordinate the response of ambulances to multiple MCIs. In this approach, a realistic representation of the road network is modelled for the geographical area of interest. Also, a Neighbourhood Search Algorithm (NSA) has been developed in order to find the optimum solution to the problem under consideration. A hypothetical case study of a MCI in Newcastle-upon-Tyne has been considered to investigate the effect on response time of the time of day, and day of week, on which the incident occurs.
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Pär Hans Tuve Eriksson, & Niklas Hallberg. (2019). Design to Fit – Morphological Analysis as a Tool for Exercise Design. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
Abstract: Exercises are considered as vital to develop and sustain crisis management capabilities. An exercise may have a role both as a provider of knowledge about the crisis management system, and its performance, and as a driver of change through training of individuals, groups and organizations. However, the relationship between the design and characteristics of a specific exercise, and the usability of its results in the development of the crisis management system is not well-understood. The objective of this paper is to explore if a morphological field can be used to investigate this relationship. Such a field was designed and evaluated. Even though this field was relatively simple, it was concluded that it provides results that deepen the understanding of how different types of exercises can contribute to the development of the crisis management system.
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Patrick Lieser, Julian Zobel, Björn Richerzhagen, & Ralf Steinmetz. (2019). Simulation Platform for Unmanned Aerial Systems in Emergency Ad Hoc Networks. In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management. Valencia, Spain: Iscram.
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