Abstract: A qualitative analysis of observation protocols and audio recordings from 14 crisis response exercises has been conducted revealing eight themes reoccurring in multi-disciplinary team discussions about crisis response to large disruptions to the card payment system. The themes were: Coordinate and collaborate, Payment options, Cash circulation, Fuel and transportation, Security, Inform, communicate and the media, Hoarding and rationing, and Vulnerable groups. The analysis suggest that Swedish society is vulnerable to disruptions in the card payment services, largely due to a low diversity in payment options, the lack of prepared back up solutions for payment, and insufficient cash flows to support a cash only scenario. A longer (several days) disruption in the card payment system will demand coordinating mechanisms for information management, available payment options, and preparedness for rapid establishment of cash flows. Today, these mechanisms do not exist. Simulation exercises with stake-holders are an important mean for increasing awareness about these vulnerabilities and the challenges associated with coping with them.

Abstract: Critical infrastructures become more and more entangled and rely extensively on information technology. A deeper insight into the relationships between critical infrastructures enables the actors involved to more quickly understand the severity of information technology disruptions and to identify robust cross-functional mitigating actions. This study illustrates how and why disruptions in the payment system in Sweden could create cascading effects in other critical infrastructures with potentially severe consequences for many citizens, government institutions and companies. Data from document studies, interviews and workshops with field experts reveal seven challenges for collective cross-functional critical infrastructure resilience that need to be dealt with: 1) Shortage of food, fuel, cash, medicine; 2) Limited capacity of alternative payment solutions; 3) Cities are more vulnerable than the countryside; 4) Economically vulnerable groups in society are more severely affected; 5) Trust maintenance needs; 6) Crisis communication needs; 7) Fragmentation of responsibility for critical infrastructures across many actors.

Abstract: Crowdsourcing is an increasingly popular approach for processing data in response to disasters. While volunteer crowdsourcing may suÿce for high-profile disasters, paid crowdsourcing may be necessary to recruit workers for less prominent events. Thus, understanding the impact of payment schemes on worker behavior and motivation may improve outcomes. In this work, we presented workers recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk with a disaster response task in which they could provide a variable number of image ratings. We paid workers a fixed amount to provide a minimum number of image ratings, allowing them to voluntarily provide more if desired; this allowed us to examine the impact of dierent amounts of required work. We found that requiring no ratings resulted in workers voluntary completing more work, and being more likely to indicate motivation related to interest on a post survey, than when small numbers of ratings were required. This is consistent with the motivational crowding-out eect, even in paid crowdsourcing. We additionally found that providing feedback on progress positively impacted the amount of work done.