Robert Power, Bella Robinson, & Mark Cameron. (2023). Insights from a Decade of Twitter Monitoring for Emergency Management. In V. L. Thomas J. Huggins (Ed.), Proceedings of the ISCRAM Asia Pacific Conference 2022 (pp. 247–257). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey Unversity.
Abstract: The Emergency Situation Awareness (ESA) tool began as a research study into automated web text mining to support emergency management use cases. It started in late 2009 by investigating how people respond on Twitter to specific emergency events and we quickly realized that every emergency situation is different and preemptively defining keywords to search for content on Twitter beforehand would likely miss important information. So, in late September 2011 we established location-based searches with the aim of collecting all the tweets published in Australia and New Zealand. This was the beginning of over a decade of collecting and processing tweets to help emergency response agencies and crisis coordination centres use social media content as a new channel of information to support their work practices and to engage with the community impacted by emergency events. This journey has seen numerous challenges overcome to continuously maintain a tweet stream for an operational system. This experience allows us to derive insights into the changing use of Twitter over this time. In this paper we present some of the lessons we’ve learned from maintaining a Twitter monitoring system for emergency management use cases and we provide some insights into the changing nature of Twitter usage by users over this period.
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Tikka, M., Ahsanullah, R., Varanasi, U., Härmä, V., Sawhney, N., & Leinonen, T. (2023). Contextual Inquiry of Affordances for Collaboration in Crisis: Lessons from the Finnish Context. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 33–42). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic followed by the energy crisis in Europe demonstrates how complex crises can be. Being embedded in a digital media environment and global interdependencies, complex crises elude straightforward interpretations and explanations. Nonetheless, crises require fast and coordinated response from multiple public authorities. In recent years, advances in computational methods and information technology have influenced the field of crisis and disaster management, and diverse technical approaches have been developed to enhance authorities’ response to crises. Drawing on a relational approach to crises, we investigate the socio-technical affordances emerging in Finland to facilitate multi-actor collaboration in crises. Based on our analysis, we argue that contemporary practices and technologies do not match with the complexity of recent crises. Taken together, we consider the role of digital technologies and socio-technical practices to better support multi-actor sensemaking and collaboration in future crises.
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Herkevall, J., & Johansson Björn J E. (2023). Is this a date? – New perspectives on ICT for harmonized inter-organizational crisis management. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 67–75). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: In this paper, we challenge common conceptions related to the role and development of information and communication technology (ICT) for crisis management. Based on an understanding of inter-organizational crisis management as self-organizing through processes of harmonization in complex adaptive systems, ICT is positioned as an enabler in the bridging of social and organizational boundaries. In this view, the primary requirements for ICT in inter-organizational settings are defined by current information sharing needs, which are continuously changing with the context and co-working partners. From this understanding of inter-organizational relations in crisis management, this paper suggests two complementary approaches to ICT focusing on policy adjustment and training that supports adaptive organizational capabilities and utilization of easily available commercial ICT. The ideas put forth in this paper are intended to add perspectives and spark discussions on ICT for crisis management.
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Schönefeld, M., Schütte, P. M., Schulte, Y., & Fiedrich, F. (2023). Critical infrastructure and crisis affected actor? Investigating the double role of municipal administrations. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 88–95). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: This WiPe article presents first insights from two German research projects (one ongoing, one completed) on the double role of municipal administrations in crisis management. The ongoing project examines the municipal crisis management during COVID-19, the completed one focused on the 2015/2016 refugee situation in Germany. While crisis management has previously rather been associated with “blue-light organizations”, these two circumstances rather called for a predominantly administrative crisis management. While adapting to this new role, administrations had to maintain key public services: They had to perform as crisis managers while maintaining their function as a critical infrastructure despite being affected themselves for several reasons. Since 2015, public administration in Germany has found itself in almost constant crisis management mode, giving opportunity to learn and to adjust self-perception. Based on empirical analyses of interview data we aim to discuss the following questions: How did the two roles influence each other in the situations mentioned? Has anything changed between these situations?
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LaLone, N., Dugas, P. O. T., & Semaan, B. (2023). The Crisis of Designing for Disaster: How to Help Emergency Management During The Technology Crisis We Created. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 126–143). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Emergency Management (EM) is experiencing a crisis of technology as technologists have attempted to innovate standard operating procedures with minimal input from EM. Unsurprisingly, there has yet to be a success. Instead, technologists have focused on consumer culture and fostered a slow-moving crisis as the gap between what consumers and EM can do is deep. At present, the most ubiquitous aspect of technology in disaster is its capacity to exacerbate response, create new kinds of disaster, and create consumer expectations that EM cannot meet. In the present work, we highlight how and why technological production needs to shift its ontological premises dramatically to meet the needs of technology for first responders. From supporting practice to taking a few steps back from the bleeding edge, we offer a range of suggestions based on the technological capacities of emergency management in the present and in the future.
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Sterl, S., Billig, A., Taffo, F. W., & Gerhold, L. (2023). Visualizing the Psychosocial Situation in Crises and Disasters: Conceptualizing a Multi-Functional Crisis Information Platform (CIP-PS). In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 252–262). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Crises and disasters are becoming more frequent, long-lasting, complex, and interdependent. This can lead to negative psychosocial consequences in vulnerable population groups, increasing the need to (1) monitor psychosocial indicators and (2) make information on psychosocial topics available to decision-makers, the scientific community, and the public. In this WiPe paper, we present a way to systematically visualize, research, and document different types of psychosocial data in crises and disasters by developing a “Multi-Functional Crisis Information Platform for Psychosocial Situations”, called CIP-PS. The CIP-PS has three components, i.e., an information dashboard (CIP-DAB), a research platform (CIP-REP), and a documentation (CIP-DOC) component which together help visualize, research and document psychosocial topics, such as the psychosocial situation picture in Germany. The platform is a valuable tool for presenting relevant psychosocial information in the context of disaster public health. Its strength lies in an extensive connection between the three components related to healthcare informatics.
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Franco, Z., Baker, N., R. Okusanya, T., Haque, M. R., Gresser, J., Rubya, S., et al. (2023). Customizing the BattlePeer App: Connecting First Responders with Peer Support to Manage Mental Health Crises. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 272–283). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: The prevalence and severity of mental health disorders are high among first responders. Routine exposure to trauma, unique work patterns and the social stigma of seeking care exacerbate their challenges. While there are many mHealth applications for effective interventions, they primarily focus on support, education, and symptom identification and management. Our research uses empirical data to inform the customization of the BattlePeer application, previously tested among US veterans. Through focus groups with first responders, we identify specific barriers to help in this population. Our work highlights the potential benefits of adapting an app to create effective peer support strategies. We suggest the modification of BattlePeer to help first responders meet their mental health needs through peer support with tailored feedback and notifications. This will help negotiate the pervasive social isolation and hesitance in articulating emotions described in focus groups that lend to negative mental health outcomes.
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Yu, X., Chen, J., & Liu, J. (2023). Examining the influence of social media on individual’s protective action taking during Covid-19 in China. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 295–308). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: In the context of COVID-19, this study utilizes the Social Mediated Crisis Communication Model (SMCC) and the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) to investigate the relationship between social media users' protective actions and crisis information during public health crises in China. By constructing a structural equation model, this study aims to identify the influencing factors that affect social media users' personal’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions given crisis relevant information. Results findings are that warning information can significantly increase risk perception; emotional responses are not significantly affected by warning information and risk perception; risk perception has a negative impact on information gathering and sharing behavior; risk perception has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between information features and protective action.
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Long, Z., McCreadiem, R., & Imran, M. (2023). CrisisViT: A Robust Vision Transformer for Crisis Image Classification. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 309–319). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: In times of emergency, crisis response agencies need to quickly and accurately assess the situation on the ground in order to deploy relevant services and resources. However, authorities often have to make decisions based on limited information, as data on affected regions can be scarce until local response services can provide first-hand reports. Fortunately, the widespread availability of smartphones with high-quality cameras has made citizen journalism through social media a valuable source of information for crisis responders. However, analyzing the large volume of images posted by citizens requires more time and effort than is typically available. To address this issue, this paper proposes the use of state-of-the-art deep neural models for automatic image classification/tagging, specifically by adapting transformer-based architectures for crisis image classification (CrisisViT). We leverage the new Incidents1M crisis image dataset to develop a range of new transformer-based image classification models. Through experimentation over the standard Crisis image benchmark dataset, we demonstrate that the CrisisViT models significantly outperform previous approaches in emergency type, image relevance, humanitarian category, and damage severity classification. Additionally, we show that the new Incidents1M dataset can further augment the CrisisViT models resulting in an additional 1.25% absolute accuracy gain.
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McCreadie, R., & Buntain, C. (2023). CrisisFACTS: Buidling and Evaluating Crisis Timelines. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 320–339). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Between 2018 and 2021, the Incident Streams track (TREC-IS) developed standard approaches for classifying information types and criticality of tweets during crises. While successful in producing substantial collections of labeled data, TREC-IS as a data challenge had several limitations: It only evaluated information at type-level rather than what was reported; it only used Twitter data; and it lacked measures of redundancy in system output. This paper introduces Crisis Facts and Cross-Stream Temporal Summarization (CrisisFACTS), a new data challenge piloted in 2022 and developed to address these limitations. The CrisisFACTS framework recasts TREC-IS into an event-summarization task using multiple disaster-relevant data streams and a new fact-based evaluation scheme, allowing the community to assess state-of-the-art methods for summarizing disaster events Results from CrisisFACTS in 2022 include a new test-collection comprising human-generated disaster summaries along with multi-platform datasets of social media, crisis reports and news coverage for major crisis events.
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Encarnación, T., & Wilks, C. R. (2023). Role of Expressed Emotions on the Retransmission of Help-Seeking Messages during Disasters. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 340–352). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Emergency managers rely on formal and informal communication channels to identify needs in post-disaster environments. Message retransmission is a critical factor to ensure that help-seekers are identified by disaster responders. This paper uses a novel annotated dataset of Twitter posts from four major disasters that impacted the United States in 2021, to quantify the effect that expressed emotions and support typology have on retransmission. Poisson regression models are estimated, and the results show that messages seeking instrumental support are more likely to be retransmitted. Expressions of anger, fear, and sadness increase overall retweets. Moreover, expressions of anger, anticipation, or sadness increase the likelihood of retransmission for messages that seek instrumental help.
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Lamsal, R., Read, M. R., & Karunasekera, S. (2023). A Twitter narrative of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 353–370). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Social media platforms contain abundant data that can provide comprehensive knowledge of historical and real-time events. During crisis events, the use of social media peaks, as people discuss what they have seen, heard, or felt. Previous studies confirm the usefulness of such socially generated discussions for the public, first responders, and decision-makers to gain a better understanding of events as they unfold at the ground level. This study performs an extensive analysis of COVID-19-related Twitter discussions generated in Australia between January 2020, and October 2022. We explore the Australian Twitterverse by employing state-of-the-art approaches from both supervised and unsupervised domains to perform network analysis, topic modeling, sentiment analysis, and causality analysis. As the presented results provide a comprehensive understanding of the Australian Twitterverse during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aims to explore the discussion dynamics to aid the development of future automated information systems for epidemic/pandemic management.
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Pereira, J., Fidalgo, R., Lotufo, R., & Nogueira, R. (2023). Crisis Event Social Media Summarization with GPT-3 and Neural Reranking. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 371–384). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Managing emergency events, such as natural disasters, requires management teams to have an up-to-date view of what is happening throughout the event. In this paper, we demonstrate how a method using a state-of-the-art open-sourced search engine and a large language model can generate accurate and comprehensive summaries by retrieving information from social media and online news sources. We evaluated our method on the TREC CrisisFACTS challenge dataset using automatic summarization metrics (e.g., Rouge-2 and BERTScore) and the manual evaluation performed by the challenge organizers. Our approach is the best in comprehensiveness despite presenting a high redundancy ratio in the generated summaries. In addition, since all pipeline components are few-shot, there is no need to collect training data, allowing us to deploy the system rapidly. Code is available at https://github.com/neuralmind-ai/visconde-crisis-summarization.
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Zou, H. P., Caragea, C., Zhou, Y., & Caragea, D. (2023). Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Learning for Fine-Grained Disaster Tweet Classification. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 385–395). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: The shared real-time information about natural disasters on social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook plays a critical role in informing volunteers, emergency managers, and response organizations. However, supervised learning models for monitoring disaster events require large amounts of annotated data, making them unrealistic for real-time use in disaster events. To address this challenge, we present a fine-grained disaster tweet classification model under the semi-supervised, few-shot learning setting where only a small number of annotated data is required. Our model, CrisisMatch, effectively classifies tweets into fine-grained classes of interest using few labeled data and large amounts of unlabeled data, mimicking the early stage of a disaster. Through integrating effective semi-supervised learning ideas and incorporating TextMixUp, CrisisMatch achieves performance improvement on two disaster datasets of 11.2% on average. Further analyses are also provided for the influence of the number of labeled data and out-of-domain results.
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Chauhan, A. (2023). Humor-Based COVID-19 Twitter Accounts. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 417–427). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Crisis Named Resources (or CNRs) are social media pages and accounts named after a crisis event. Using the COVID-19 Pandemic as a case study, we identified and examined the role of CNRs that shared humor on Twitter. Our analyses showed that humor-based CNRs shared virus-related rumors, stigma, safety measures, opinions, sarcasm, and news updates. These resources also shared the overall anger and frustration over the year 2020. We conclude by discussing the critical role of humor based CNRs in crisis response.
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Tasneem, F., Chakraborty, S., & Chy, A. N. (2023). An Early Synthesis of Deep Neural Networks to Identify Multimodal Informative Disaster Tweets. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 428–438). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Twitter is always worthwhile in facilitating communication during disasters. It helps in raising situational awareness and undertaking disaster control actions as quickly as possible to alleviate the miseries. But the noisy essence of Twitter causes difficulty in distinguishing relevant information from the heterogeneous contents. Therefore, extracting informative tweets is a substantial task to help in crisis intervention. Analyzing only the text or image content of the tweet often misses necessary insights which might be helpful during disasters. In this paper, we propose a multimodal framework to address the challenges of identifying informative crisis-related tweets containing both texts and images. Our presented approach incorporates an early fusion strategy of BERT-LSTM and ResNet50 networks which effectively learns from the joint representation of texts and images. The experiments and evaluation on the benchmark CrisisMMD dataset show that our fusion method surpasses the baseline by 7% and substantiates its potency over the unimodal systems.
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Herrera, L. C., & Gjøsæter, T. (2023). Leveraging Crisis Informatics Experts: A co-creating approach for validation of social media research insights. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 439–448). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Validation of findings is a challenge in practice-based research. While analysis is being conducted and findings are being constructed out of data collected in a defined period, practitioners continue with their activities. This issue is exacerbated in the field of crisis management, where high volatility and personnel turnover make the capacity to attend research demands scarce. Therefore, conducting classic member validation is logistically challenging for the researcher. The need for rigor and validity calls for alternative mechanisms to fulfill requirements for academic research. This article presents an approach for validation of results of a qualitative study with public organizations that use social media as a source of information in the context of crisis management. The unavailability of original interview-objects to validate our findings resulted in an alternative validation method that leveraged experts in crisis informatics. By presenting our approach, we contribute to encouraging rigor in qualitative research while maintaining the relationship between practice and academia.
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Nurollahian, S., Talegaonkar, I., Bell, A. Z., & Kogan, M. (2023). Factors Affecting Public’s Engagement with Tweets by Authoritative Sources During Crisis. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 459–477). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: People increasingly use social media at the time of crisis, which produces a social media data deluge, where the public may find it difficult to locate trustworthy and credible information. Therefore, they often turn to authoritative sources: official individuals and organizations who are trusted to provide reliable information. It is then imperative that their credible messages reach and engage the widest possible audience, especially among those affected. In this study, we explore the role of metadata and linguistic factors in facilitating three types of engagement — retweets, replies, and favorites— with posts by authoritative sources. We find that many factors are similarly important across models (popularity, sociability, activity). However, some features are salient for only a specific type of engagement. We conclude by providing guidance to authoritative sources on how they may optimize specific types of engagement: retweets for information propagation, replies for in-depth sense-making, and favorites for cross-purpose visibility.
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Wang, D., & Kogan, M. (2023). Resonance+: Augmenting Collective Attention to Find Information on Public Cognition and Perception of Risk. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 487–500). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Microblogging platforms have been increasingly used by the public and crisis managers in crisis. The increasing volume of data has made such platforms more difficult for officials to find on-the-ground information and understand the public’s perception of the evolving risks. The crisis informatics literature has proposed various technological solutions to find relevant information from social media. However, the cognitive processes of the affected population and their subsequent responses, such as perceptions, emotional and behavioral responses, are still under-examined at scale. Yet, such information is important for gauging public perception of risks, an important task for PIOs and emergency managers. In this work, we leverage the noise-cutting power of collective attention and take cues from the Protective Action Decision Model, to propose a method that estimates shifts in collective attention with a special focus on the cognitive processes of those affected and their subsequent responses.
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Pettersson, M. N., Axelsson, J., Svenson, P., & Johansson, A. (2023). Towards a Risk Analysis Method for Systems of Systems: A Case Study on Wildfire Rescue Operations. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 530–545). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Crisis management (CM) is facing new challenges due to the increasing complexity of contemporary society. To mitigate a crisis, it is often necessary for a collection of independent systems, people, and organizations to cooperate. These collaborating entities constitute an interconnected socio-technical system of systems (SoS). An important question is how a CM SoS should be constructed to minimize the risk of failure and accurately handle a crisis. SoS pose new challenges in analysing risk during interactions. This paper investigates whether the risk analysis method STAMP (System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) is suitable for SoS, using a forest fire rescue operation case study. Results show characteristics of various risk sources and identify some SoS characteristics, such as dynamic structure and latent risks, that are not sufficiently handled in STAMP. The study further contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting potential directions for research on SoS risk assessment methods.
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Grace, R., Montarnal, A., Petitdemange, E., Rutter, J., Rodriguez, G. R., & Potts, M. (2023). Collaborative Information Seeking during a 911 Call Surge: A Case Study. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 649–662). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: This case study examines collaborative information seeking in a public-safety answering point during a 911 call surge that occurred when a man fired an assault rifle at police officers and evaded capture for nearly an hour in March 2020. Overwhelmed by questionable and imprecise reports from 911 callers, telecommunicators and on scene responders began working together to conduct broad and deep searches for the shooter. Whereas broad searches improved the scope of information gathering by identifying multiple, albeit questionable and imprecise, reports of the suspect’s location, deep searches improved the quality of information gathering by investigating 911 callers’ reports using drone, helicopter, and patrol units. These findings suggest requirements for collaborative information seeking in public-safety answering points, including capabilities to conduct broad and deep searches using next-generation 911 technologies, and command and control requirements for triaging these search tasks within inter-organizational emergency response systems.
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Björnqvist, A., Brodin, W., Friberg, M., & Berggren, P. (2023). Identifying Teamwork Processes in a Medical Command and Control Team During the COVID-19 Pandemic. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 711–720). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: This paper presents an ethnographic study consisting of non-participatory observations of a Swedish regional medical command and control team during their crisis response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The field-notes from the observations were analyzed using a deductive content analysis with categories representing teamwork processes. The content analysis showed that the studied regional medical command and control team was engaged in all but one of the predefined teamwork processes. Furthermore, the content analysis also added to the understanding of the regional medical command and control team’s work procedures by emphasizing how the team was engaged in the different processes. Lastly, the content analysis also made it possible to identify potential developmental needs of the studied regional medical command and control team.
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Lindhagen, A., Björnqvist, A., & Berggren, P. (2023). Supporting Instructors in Conducting Exercises. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 721–731). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: Planning, designing, facilitating, and evaluating are central activities for instructors when conducting exercises. When conducting these activities, instructors usually rely on past experiences since structured educations or guides for instructors do not exist. It is therefore evident that there is a need for such educations or guides. In this study, the contents of a guide for instructors are proposed. The contents are based on seven semi-structured interviews with novel and experienced instructors, where they were asked to map their procedures for conducting exercises through a journey map. The interviews resulted in material which was transcribed and analysed using a thematic analysis. The thematic analysis emphasized five themes to consider when acting as an instructor, namely roles, realism, defining purpose and goals, learning, and planning and acting. The results from the interviews, combined with past literature, resulted in proposed contents for an instructor’s guide which is currently being developed.
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Borglund, E., A.M., & Granholm, M. (2023). Challenges in work procedures in distributed crisis management. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 732–737). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: This is a work in progress paper on work and IT usage in distributed crisis management. The data presented in this paper has been collected at a one-day tabletop exercise with four Swedish municipalities. Four members of the four municipalities’ crisis organizations were invited to the exercise, which was designed as one scenario divided into two cases. At the start of each case of the exercise, each municipality was split into two separate rooms, to simulate a distributed crisis management. During the first case they could communicate using phone, TETRA radio, and the Internet. During case two in the scenario, there was no Internet connection. The study indicates that all the municipalities managed to organize and solve the given tasks using primarily voice communication, in case one using phone or, e.g., Teams, and in case two using TETRA radio. Information sharing using IT was non-existing.
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Alkusaibati, W., & Pilemalm, S. (2023). Digitalized Co-production and Volunteerism in Emergency Response: a Literature Review. In Jaziar Radianti, Ioannis Dokas, Nicolas Lalone, & Deepak Khazanchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference (pp. 738–750). Omaha, USA: University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Abstract: ICT-enabled or digitalized co-production of public services has become increasingly relevant to emergency response and crisis management. This study provides a literature review on this phenomenon, exploring both large-scale crises and frequent emergencies. We found that research in the domain is scarce and focuses mainly on the phenomenon in terms of digital volunteerism. In large-scale crises, they mostly refer to spontaneous forms of volunteering, and in smaller emergencies, to more organized volunteers that collaborate with a response organization over time. Similarities to digitalized co-production in the public sector generally include financial, administrative, ICT, and demographic factors. Differences include, e.g., aspects of coordination, support, and processing by formal actors. We argue that there are benefits of adding a theoretical co-production perspective to digital volunteerism in emergency response and that our literature review can guide future research on models and (the double) use of volunteers in both kinds of emergencies.
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